Module 2 - Anatomy Flashcards
(60 cards)
3 major functional systems of speech
Respiratory (respiration)
Laryngeal (phonation)
Supralaryngeal (or pharyngeal-oral-nasal) - (articulation + resonation)
Description of each system
Respiratory - power for speech
Laryngeal - phonation
Supralaryngeal - articulation and resonation
Speech is an overlay function, meaning?
It is secondary to the life sustaining function of each of these systems
Speech/Articulation Facts
controlled action of over 100 muscles in chest, abdomen, neck, and head
conversational rates of up to 6-9 syllables per second (faster than texting or typing)
relies on more muscle fibers than any other human mechanical activity
Components of respiratory system
lungs, muscles of the chest, trachea (windpipe)
ribcage
abdomen
associated muscles
Power for Speech - acts as the pump the provide the movement of the air needed
What are the primary and secondary functions of the respiratory system?
Primary function - supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body
Secondary - provide the power for speech
Egressive Sounds
sounds produced with flow of air that moves outward from the lungs through the mouth or nose
All sounds in the English language are Egressive
Ingressive sounds
Require inward movement of air e.g. tongue clicks
Other languages contain ingressive sounds
Diaphragm
Most important muscle of respiration
Function of respiration?
Inspiration - air drawn into lungs
expiration - releases air into larynx
and supralaryngeal system for the purpose of generating speech
provides additional energy for louder volumes and lifting heavy objects
Respiration Explained
Pump- like action
diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs and volume of the thoracic cavity expands
when diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs and volume of the thoracic cavity contracts
Respiration - Breath Group
Sequence of words or syllables produced on a single expiration
Distinctive for oral communication (speech)
Typically, we can speak for no more than 10 seconds on a single breath group
Normally, we interrupt inspiration at syntactically appropriate places (phrases, clause, sentence boundaries)
Breath group coincides with syntactic units
Larynx primary and secondary functions
To act as a valve; to keep foreign material (food, liquids) out of trachea and lungs
phonation - vibration of the vocal folds
Active articulators (these move)
Tongue, glottis, uvula, lower lip
Passive articulators (these do not move)
Palate, nasal cavity, velum, pharynx, lower teeth, upper teeth, alveolar ridge (consonants)
pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism
Air goes out of the lungs = production of speech sound (in English and most European languages and Indian languages, except Sindhi)
Phonatory or laryngeal System
Larynx = cartilage + muscles (act as a valve)
Vocal chords - lip-like structure inside laryx
Trachea - windpipe
Glottis
space between the vocal cords
used in the production of “h” sounds
sounds produce here don’t involve a supralaryngeal place of articulation - no constriction made above the vocal cords
Vocal cords or vocal folds
- Vocal Cords - wipe apart (voiceless sounds - no vibration)
- Vocal Cords - loosely held (voiced sounds - vibration)
- Vocal Cords - tightly held position - at time of eating or drinking to prevent any foreign body from entering
Voiceless sounds
9 consonant sounds
Voiced sounds
15 consonant sounds
Place of articulation
Where we make constrictions in the vocal tract when we produce consonant sounds
Bilabial Sounds
Constrictions made with both lips
/p/ and /b/ are bilabial sounds
Labiodental sound
Constriction made with upper teeth and lower lip
/f/ and /v/ are labiodental consonants
