Chapter 1

Question 1

What is psychopharmacology

Answer 1

Study of how drugs affect mood, perception, thinking, or behavior

Question 2

What is a psychoactive drug

Answer 2

Any drug that acts on the CNS

Question 3

Importance of psychopharmacology

Answer 3

• Prevalence of psycho active drugs, for example, caffeine and mood enhancer drugs
• informs research
• Pharmacotherapy

Question 4

What is a drug

Answer 4

• administered substances that affect physiological functioning

Question 5

Instrumental drug use

Answer 5

Use to accomplish specific purposes
For example, taking caffeine to wake up

Question 6

Therapeutic drugs

Answer 6

Used for treating disorders ( instrumental use)
For example, taking Xanax to reduce anxiety

Question 7

Recreational use

Answer 7

Used to experience drug effects,
for example, taking Xanax just because

Question 8

Trade name of a drug

Answer 8

Trademarked and assigned by company,
For example, Tylenol

Question 9

Generic name

Answer 9

Classifies drug in a category.
For example, acetaminophen

Question 10

Chemical name

Answer 10

Details chemical structure

Question 11

Street names

Answer 11

Used by folks who make or sell drugs recreationally

Question 12

Drug effect dependent on

Answer 12

Dose

Question 13

What is a dose

Answer 13

The amount of drug ingested per body weight.

Question 14

What are Dose effect curves

Answer 14

They depict the magnitude of drug’s effect at a given dose.
Used to visualize effective or toxic dosage.

Question 15

ED50 what is effective dosage

Answer 15

This is the dosage of drug at which 50% of the population experiences the intended effect of the drug.

Question 16

Drug potency

Answer 16

Determined through ED50.
How much of a drug is needed to achieve a certain effect

Question 17

What is toxic dose

Answer 17

When certain drug levels produce adverse side effects

Question 18

TD50

Answer 18

When 50% of a population has an adverse reaction to a drug at a certain dose.

Question 19

Therapeutic index

Answer 19

• calculated using TD50
• difference between toxic and Thera dose by comparing drug dose effect curves for toxicity versus therapeutic effect
• ratio of TD50 to ED50

Question 20

Certain safety index

Answer 20

Used by reg. agencies or companies
TD1 to ED99 ratio
Favors therapeutic effects
Do not apply to all drugs, for example, lithium.

Question 21

what is pharmacology

Answer 21

branch of medicine concerned with uses, effects and modes of actions of drugs

Question 21

pharmacodynamics

Answer 21

physiological action of drugs, what is going on at synapse

Question 22

pharmacokinetics

Answer 22

how drugs pass and are eliminated from body

Question 23

pharmacogenetics

Answer 23

study of how genetic differences influence both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
- help us understand differences in drug responses betweeen individuals

Question 24

objective drug effects

Answer 24

observed by others

Question 25

subjective drug effects

Answer 25

not directly observed

Question 26

correlational study

Answer 26

no alterations of conditions, observation (purely)

Question 27

experimental study

Answer 27

alter independent variable

Question 28

quasi-experimental research

Answer 28

manipulation of an independent variable without the random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions. - has higher internal validity

Question 29

internal validity

Answer 29

adequacy of controlling variables that may influence a dependent variable

Question 30

treatment arms

Answer 30

treatment groups in clinical studies

Question 31

placebo treatments

Answer 31

control groups

Question 32

single blind drug study

Answer 32

only participant is blind to it

Question 33

double blind drug study

Answer 33

both participants and researchers are blind

Question 34

open label

Answer 34

no one is blind to anything in the study

Question 35

why animals are used?

Answer 35

- no viable alternatives - high predictive value (ability to predict treatment effects)

Question 36

institution in charge of animal use

Answer 36

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Question 37

ETHICAL COST

Answer 37

assessmet that weighs value of research agaisnt potential pain and distress to be expereinced by subjects

Question 38

three R's by IACUC

Answer 38

replace, reduce, refinest

Question 39

stages of therapeutic drug development (humans)

Answer 39

identify disorder synthesize drug biological experimentation (high thought screening) screening (focused testing with promising compounds) safety pharmacology (test adverse effect) clinical trials

Question 40

clinical trials phase

Answer 40

1 determine drug adverse effect on healthy volunteers

Question 41

phase 2

Answer 41

determine drug effectiveness cost/ benefit analysis here participants with diosreder tested

Question 42

phase 3

Answer 42

further effectieveness check more people add to testing sample people with co-existing conditions

Question 43

phase 4

Answer 43

FDA approval, address final question, more research