Chapter 1

Question 1

What are major groups of Microbes?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes-Bacteria and Archea.
Eukaryotes-Algae, Fungi and Protozoa
Acellular- Viruses

Question 2

Size of Viruses

Answer 2

About 20 nm

Question 3

Size of Protozoa

Answer 3

5mm

Question 4

Size of Bacteria

Answer 4

1µm

Question 5

Give 6 reasons to study microbes?

Answer 5

1. Some produce Oxygen
   2.Fix nitrogen for use of plants
   3.Important members of the food chain
   4.used by industries-in making beer, wine, pickle, cheese and antibiotics.
   5.genetically engineered to produce therapeutics like Insulin
   6.play role in human immunity and Digestion.

Question 6

What bacterium helps in breaking down contaminants from soil where TNT (Trinitrotoulene) is Kept?

Answer 6

Clostridium bifermentans

Question 7

Bacteria used in making chocolate is ? and what it does ?

Answer 7

Yeasts, Lactobacilli and Acetobacter.
It secretes acid to help break the pod.

Question 8

What bacterium have capability of making plastic?

Answer 8

Alcaligenes eutrophus

Question 9

What is Bioremediation?

Answer 9

Biological degrading processes for the treatment contaminated soils, groundwater etc, by using microbes like bacteria or fungi which use contaminants as food source.
Microbes known as Bioremediators.

Question 10

Bacteria that helps give jeans right colour, reduce hairiness and make it softer and lighter?

Answer 10

Alkalothermophilic Thermomonospora
Produces enzyme cellulose which mix with coarse denim

Question 11

Can bacteria used as Insecticides ?

Answer 11

Yes, they are being used as biocontrol agents to help control diseases in crops.

Question 12

Who invented the first microscope?

Answer 12

Robert Hooke 1665
Made a crude microscope to view individual cell

Question 13

Whose invention started cell theory?

Answer 13

Robert Hooke 1665

All living organisms are composed of cells.

Question 14

Who built microscope that could view living Microbes?

Answer 14

Antonio van Leeuwenhoek 1673
He called them animalcules.

Question 15

What is Spontaneous Generation?

Answer 15

Belief that some forms of life can arise from non-living matter

Question 16

Define Biogenisis?

Answer 16

Living matter arise only from pre-existing living matter.

Question 17

Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation? And aseptic technique?

Answer 17

Louis Pasteur 1861

Question 18

Who developed the principle of aseptic technique?

Answer 18

Louis Pasteur 1861

Question 19

What Louis Pasteur observed in microscopic yeast?

Answer 19

Fungi convert sugar into alcohol using process called fermentation.

Question 20

What is souring?

Answer 20

When bacteria turns alcohol to vinegar.

Question 21

What did Louis Pastuer did to prevent spoilage?

Answer 21

Heating beer or wine after fermentation would kill bacteria and prevent spoilage
Process was called Pasteurization.

Question 22

The germ Theory.

Answer 22

Louis Pasteur ‘s work on fermentation prompted the speculation that microbes could also be responsible for disease.

Question 23

What was previous believes about diseases?

Answer 23

It was believed that disease was a punishment for crimes or misdeeds.
When whole town got sick, It was called work of demons

Question 24

Phenol was used to clean surgical instruments and treat surgical wounds.

Answer 24

Joseph Lister 1860

Question 25

Robert Koch 1876

Answer 25

Investigated the cause of anthrax and isolated bacteria from blood of infected cows and showed a particular bacterium was present in all cases of diseases.

Question 26

Who developed the vaccine against small pox?

Answer 26

Edward Jenner 1798

Question 27

What Edward Jenner do?

Answer 27

People who were previously sick with the mild disease cowpox did not get sick with smallpox. He inoculated a young boy with cow pox, the boy became mildly ill and recovered and became immune to smallpox

Question 28

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

Answer 28

Alexander Fleming 1928 Penicillin-an antimicrobial chemical produced naturally by Bactria or fungi. Noticed that mold inhibited bacterial growth on contaminated plated

Question 29

Nomenclature(naming system for microbes)

Answer 29

Genus capitalized. Specific name not capitalized. Genus and species are Latinized Always written in italics or underlined

Question 30

Who noticed certain dyes stained bacteria differently than they stained the animal cells.

Answer 30

Paul Ehrlich 1908

Question 31

Who discovered Salvarsan? What it do?

Answer 31

An arsenic derivative that could be used to treat syphilis. Beginning of chemotherapy ,

Question 32

What did Paul Ehrlich proposed?

Answer 32

that a chemical might be found that would harm disease causing microbes without harming the host.

Question 33

What is selective toxicity?

Answer 33

ability of the drug to targets sites that are relative specific to the microorganism responsible for infection. Sometimes these sites are unique to the microorganism or simply more essential to survival of the microorganism than to the host.