Chapter 1 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is prospective memory?
Memory for things we need to do in the future.
Who was Hermann Ebbinghaus?
Psychologist who pioneered memory psychology by examining the effect of retention intervals
Developed the “forgetting curve” and the “spacing effect”
Ebbinghaus -
What is the forgetting curve?
Mathmatical formula that demonstrates the rate at which information is forgotten if we don’t attempt to retain it
What is the spacing effect?
The phenomenon where learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out
What is overlearning?
Studying material even after it is thoroughly learned - results in forgetting less quickly
Who was Frederic Bartlett?
British psychologist who studied recall of complex material (War of the Ghosts, indigeneous story), proposed that schemas are influenced by social and cultural factors
What was the main idea of the Gestalt movement?
“The whole is different than the sum of it’s parts”
What did Mary Calkins do for cognitive psychology?
Discovered cued recall (i.e., paired associated learning)
What is the recency effect?
A phenomenon in which items that were most recently learned are remembered better than items learned prior
What is retention interval?
The amount of time that transpires between the
learning of an event or material and when recall for that event or material occurs.
What is ‘savings score’?
The reduction in time required to relearn a previously mastered subject/task/skill/list.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning via pairing a neutral stimulus and another stimuli (i.e., food and bell) to produce a conditioned response (i.e., salivating)
What is operant conditioning?
Learning by behaviour that is either reinforced or punished
What is the Stroop test?
Test that requires participant to name colour of font for text and not the word itself
(brain age game)
What is free recall?
Retriving/remembering information without any specific cues or prompts
What is cued recall?
Remembering/retrieving information using cues/aids
What are implicit tests?
Tests designed to measure hidden/subconscious items within a person
What does source judgement/memory refer to?
Our ability to recall where information was learned originally
What does metamemory refer to?
Our knowledge and awareness of our own memory processes
What does an EEG do?
(electro-encephalography, electroencephalogram)
Records brain activity using electrical sensors placed on the scalp
What does a PET scan do?
(positron emission tomography)
a PET scan uses radioactive material to emit energy, which is then scanned by a special camera to produce images
used to see how organs function in real time
What does an MRI do?
(magnetic resonance imaging)
Identifies diseases and monitors treatments; utilizes magnetic fields to take pictures
What does an fMRI do?
(functional magnetic resonance imaging)
Detects oxygen in the blood as well as blood flow to measure brain activity
