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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is binary

A

Base two numbers system based on 0 and 1

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2
Q

What’s one’s compliment

A

Each binary digit in a number is reversed to allow both negative and positive numbers to be represented

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3
Q

What’s twos compliment

A

Each binary digit in a number is reversed and then is added by 1 which is another method of allowing both negative and positive numbers to be represented

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4
Q

What’s sign and magnitude

A

Binary number system where left most bit is used to represent the sign (0 = + and 1= - ) the remaining bits represent the binary value

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5
Q

What’s hexadecimal

A

A number system passed on the value 16

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6
Q

What’s memory dump

A

Contents of a computer memory output to screen or printer

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7
Q

What is binary coded decimals (BCD)

A

Number system that uses 4 bits to represent each depart digit

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8
Q

What’s ASCII code

A

A coding system for all characters on the keyboard and control codes

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9
Q

What’s a character set

A

A list of characters that have been defined by computer hardware and software.

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10
Q

What’s a Unicode

A

Coding system which represents all the languages of the world and it has the first 128 characters the same as ASCII code

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11
Q

what’s hexadecimal used for

A
  1. represent colours for webpages
  2. represents MAC addresses
  3. used by programmers to describe locations in memory
  4. reduces the chances of making a mistake and easier to recognise than binary
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12
Q

what’s BCD good for

A
  1. the bios is many personal computers stored the date and time in BCD
  2. popular in calculators
  3. used with many optical sensors like bar codes
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13
Q

what’s an overflow

A

when there’s more bits than a register can hold

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14
Q

what is bit map image

A

system that uses pixels to make an image

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15
Q

what’s pixel

A

smallest picture element that makes up an image

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16
Q

what’s colour depth and bit depth

A

colour depth — number of bits used to represent the colours in a pixel

bit depth — number of bits used to represent the smallest unit in a sound or imagine file. the larger the bit depth the better quality the sound or colour of an imagr

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17
Q

what’s image resolution

A

number of pixels that make up an image

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18
Q

what’s screen resolution and what’s resolution

A

screen resolution
- number of horizontal and vertical pixels that make up a screen display. if screen resolution smaller than imagine resolution the whole image can’t show on the screen or it will become lower quality

resoltuin
- number of pixels per column and row on a monitor screen

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19
Q

what’s a vector graphs

A

images that use 2D points to describe lines and curves and their properties that are grouped to form geometric shapes

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20
Q

what is sampling resolution and sampling rate and frame rate

A

sampling resolution
- number of bits used to represent sound amplitude and bit depth

sampling rate
- number of sound samples taken per second

frame rate
- number of video frames that make up a video per second

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21
Q

how many colours can an 8 bit and a 24 bit per pixel have

A

8 bits — 256 colours

24 bits — 16.7mil colours

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22
Q

what does a file structure consists of

A

header — contains metadata like width height colour depth and file types

pixel data — stores the acc binary data for each pixel with colour info encoded based on colour depth

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23
Q

how to calc file size

A

file size = total pixels x colour depth

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24
Q

how does lossless and lossy compression work in file sizes

A

lossless maintains quality of image while reducing file size

lossy reduces file size significantly but also reducing image quality

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25
what do vector graphics do
they list the details of the shapes that make up the drawing as a hole size are relative to the drawing and resulting format is scalable it’s made of numerous vectored shapes that can be resized without a reduction in resolution
26
what are 3 most popular bitmap formats and vector graphics
BITMAPS PNG, JPEG, and GIF VECOTR GRAPHICS .svg, .cgm, .odg
27
diff pe tween bitmaps and vectors
vectors - image scale without file size increasing or decreasing - images scale without distortion to image bitmap - images scale resulting in file size increase or decreasing - imagines distort when scaling - they are better for photo editing - they require less processing power to display
28
what are diff in vectors and bit map definitions
vectors - - made up of geometric shapes which require definition - to change design it is necessary to change each of the geometric shapes - they don’t require large file size since it’s made of simple geometric shapes - vector graphics aren’t realistic cuz limited shapes BITMAP - made up of tiny pixels of diff colours - possible to alter and edit pixels to change design of image - the file size it large of cuz pixels - because it’s built pixel by pixel it’s very realistic
29
how is sampling a sound wave done
1. analogue sound - sound waves are continuous signals that vary in frequency and pitch. theyre analogue meaning they have infinite possibility of values at any time 2. ADC a. sampling sampling is the process of measuring the amplitude of the sound wave at regular intervals - and sampling rate is the number of samples taken per second - higher the sampling rates result in better sound quality because more details of the sound wave are captured but it increases file size b Quantisation after sampling each sample is converted into binary number by quantisation the bit depth or sample resolution defines how many bits are used to represent each sample a higher but depth means more accurate representation of the sounds amplitude at each sample point so better sound quality 8 bit audio — 256 diff levels of amplitude c. ENCODING - once it has been quantised it is represent as a series of binary values that can be stored and transmitted ex. 16 bit sample means each sample is represented by a 16 but number 3. FILE SIZE CALC FOR AUDIO - file size of audio (bits) = sampling rate(hz) x bit depth x number of channels x duration(s) 4. COMPRESSION lossy compression — removed some audio data to reduce the file size not heard by human ears lossless — reduces file size without losing any audio preserving sound quality and makes cost at end
30
what effect both quality and file size of sound
1. sampling rate 2. resolution 3. combined impact of sampling rate and resolution(bit depth)
31
why does changing the sampling rate impact the quality and file size of sound
higher sampling rate increases the number of samples per second capturing more detailed sound waves this will improve sound quality but needs larger file lower sampling rate reduces number of samples per second so loss in detail and lower quality sound
32
why does changing the resolution (bit depth) impact the quality and file size of sound
higher bit depth — increases number of levels used to represent sound amplitudes improving dynamic range lower bit depth — reduces number of amplitude levels which results in less accurate representation of the sound. causes quantisation noise and sound distortion
33
why does changing both the sampling rate and resolution impact the quality and file size of sound
high sampling rate and high bit depth — produces high quality audio that closely matched the original analogue sound but results in a larger file size low sampling rate and low bit depth — produces lower quality audio with potential loss of detail and increased distortion but smaller file size
34
what are the advantages and disadvantages of having a higher sampling rate or resolution in sound
pros - larger dynamic range - better sound quality - less sound distortion cons - produces larger file sizes - longer time to transmit or download - requires greater processing power
35
what’s lossless and lossycompression
lossless file compression method where the original file can be restored following decompression lossy is a compression where parts of the original file cannot be recovered during decompression
36
what’s JPEG
A form of lossy compression based on the inability of the eye to sport certain colour changes
37
what’s MP3/ MP4 files
file compression method used for music and multimedia files
38
what is audio compression
method used to reduce the size of a sound file using perceptual music shaping
39
what is perceptual music shaping
it’s a method where sounds outside the normal range of hearing of humans are eliminated from the music file during compression
40
bit rate
number of bits per second that can be transmitted over a network
41
what’s RLE
a lossless file compression technique used to reduce text and photo files in particular
42
what are lossless compression formats
LOSSLESS FLAC and ALAC
43
what are lossless and lossy compression formats
LOSSLESS FLAC and ALAC LOSSY MP3 or AAC
44
what’s run length encoding
it’s done in lossless compression in which sentences with the same data value in many consecutive values are stored as a single data value and count
45
what is perceptual coding
works by reducing certain parts of a sound which are not audible to human hearing
46
What’s unsigned and signed integers
Unsigned integer is either positive or zero Signed integer is negative numbers
47
what’s MAN
it’s a metropolitan area network which is larger than LAN but smaller than WAN it’s used to cover several buildings in a single city
48
what’s File server
a server on a network where central files and other data are stored. they can be accessed by a user logged onto the network
49
what’s a cloud storage
method of data storage where data is stored on offsite servers
50
what’s PAN
network that is centred around a person or their workspace
51
what’s data redundancy
it’s a situation in which the same data is stored on several servers in case of maintenance or repair
52
what’s spread spectrum frequency hopping
a method of transmitting radio signals in which a device picks one of 79 channels at random. if chosen channel already in use, it randomly chooses another channel range of 100metres
53
what’s a WPAN
wireless personal area network a local wireless network which connects together devices in close proximity
54
what’s Twisted pair Cable
type of cable in which two wires of a single circuit are twisted together. several twisted pairs make up a single cable
55
what’s a spread spectrum technology
wideband radio frequency with a range of 30-50metres
56
what’s a coaxial cable
cable made up of central copper core, insulation, copper mesh and outer insulation
57
what’s a fibre optic cable
cable made up of glass fibre wires which use pulses of light to transmit data
58
what’s a gateway
device connects LANd which use diff protocols
59
what’s a conflict
a situation in which two devices have the same IP address
60
whats a broadcast
communication where pieces of data are sent from sender to receiver
61
what’s CSMA/CD
carrier sense multiple access with collision detection a method used to detect collisions and resolve the issue
62
whats buffering
store which holds data temporarily
63
whats bit rate
number of hits per second that can be transmitted over a network
64
What’s an extended ascii
Uses 8bitcode 128 to 255 or 80 to FF in hex this allows for non English characters and drawing characters to be included Ascii consists of 7 bit codes 0-127 or 0 to 7F hex
65
How does compressing movie files or image files
Movie Reduces the sampling resulotioj Reducing the frame rate Reduce sampling rate Image Crop the image Decrease the color bit depth Reduce image resolution

Computer Science (13 decks)

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