CHAPTER 1

Question 1

THE SYSTEMATIC, SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIORS AND MENTAL PROCESSES

Answer 1

PSYCHOLOGY

Question 2

REFERS TO OBSERVABLE ACTIONS OR RESPONSES IN BOTH HUMANS AND ANIMALS

Answer 2

BEHAVIOR

Question 3

WIDE RANGE OF COMPLEX MENTAL PROCESSES WHICH ARE NOT DIRECTLY OBSERVABLE
EX. THINKING, IMAGINING

Answer 3

MENTAL PROCESSES

Question 4

4 GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 4

1. DESCRIBE
2. EXPLAIN
3. PREDICT
4. CONTROL

Question 5

DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT WAYS THAT ORGANISMS BEHAVE

Answer 5

DESCRIBE

Question 6

EXPLAIN THE CAUSE OF BEHAVIOR

Answer 6

EXPLAIN

Question 7

PREDICT HOW ORGANISMS WILL BEHAVE IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS.

Answer 7

PREDICT

Question 8

PSYCHOLOGY STRIVES TO CHANGE, INFLUENCE, AND/OR CONTROL BEHAVIOR TO MAKE CONSTRUCTIVE, LASTING CHANGES IN PEOPLE’S LIVES

Answer 8

CONTROL

Question 9

9 FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 9

1. CLINICAL
2. COUNSELING
3. EDUCATIONAL
4. DEVELOPMENTAL
5. SOCIAL
6. EXPERIMENTAL
7. INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL
8. COGNITIVE
9. FORENSIC

Question 10

ADDRESSES A WIDE RANGE OF MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

Answer 10

CLINICAL

Question 11

FOCUSES SPECIFICALLY BUT NOT EXCLUSIVELY ON NORMATIVE LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

Answer 11

COUNSELING

Question 12

STUDY HOW PEOPLE LEARN AND RETAIN KNOWLEDGE IMPROVE THR LEARNING PROCESS AND PROMOTE EDUCATIONAL SUCCESS FOR ALL STUDENTS

Answer 12

EDUCATIONAL

Question 13

FOCUS ON HUMAN GROWTH AND CHANGES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN, INCLUDING PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, SOCIAL, INTELLECTUAL, PERCEPTUAL, PERSONALITY AND EMOTIONAL GROWTH

Answer 13

DEVELOPMENTAL

Question 14

STUDY OF HOW INDIVIDUALS AFFECT AND ARE AFFECTED BY OTHER PEOPLE

Answer 14

SOCIAL

Question 15

Behavior, motives, or cognition
in a laboratory or other Controlled setting in
order to predict, explain, or influence behavior
or other psychological phenomena.

Answer 15

EXPERIMENTAL

Question 16

The use of
psychological principles and research methods
to improve the overall work environment,
including performance, communication,
professional satisfaction and safety.

Answer 16

INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL

Question 17

Involves how we process, store, and
retrieve information and how cognitive
processes influence our behaviors.

Answer 17

COGNITIVE

Question 18

Activities primarily intended to
provide professional psychological expertise
within the judicial and legal systems.

Answer 18

FORENSIC

Question 19

Introduce the Elements of Psychophysics (1860)

Answer 19

GUSTAV THEODOR FECHNER

Question 20

Founder of First psychology laboratory (1879) in Leipzig Germany
Father of Psychology

Answer 20

WILHELM WUNDT

Question 21

2 psychology laboratory (1879) in Leipzig
Germany

Answer 21

1. STUCTURALISM
2. INTROSPECTION

Question 22

Structuralism breaks 3 conscious
experiences into :

Answer 22

1. OBJECTIVE SENSATIONS (SIGHT, TASTE)
2. SUBJECTIVE FEELINGS (EMOTIONAL
   RESPONSES, WILL)
3. MENTAL IMAGES (MEMORIES, DREAMS)

Question 23

A method of exploring conscious
mental processes by asking subjects to
look inward and report their sensations
and perceptions.

Answer 23

INTROSPECTION

Question 24

Establish the Psychology Laboratory of Functionalism

Answer 24

WILLIAM JAMES

Question 25

Study of the *function rather than the structure of consciousness*, was interested in how our minds adapt to our changing environment. -Mental activities as having developed through ages of evolution because of their adaptive functions, such as helping humans survive -Influenced by *Darwin’s theory* of **Evolution**

Answer 25

**FUNCTIONALISM**

Question 26

Establish The Psychology Laboratory of **Behaviorism**

Answer 26

**JOHN BROADUS WATSON**

Question 27

The study of *observable behavior and studies relationships*, between **stimuli** and **responses"* Emphasizes the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors.

Answer 27

**BEHAVIORISM**

Question 28

Stated that Learned behavior is behavior that is reinforced

Answer 28

**B.F SKINNER**

Question 29

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response

Answer 29

**REINFORCEMENT**

Question 30

Establish the Gestalt Psychology

Answer 30

**MAX WERTHEIMER, KURT KOFFKA, WOLFGANG KÖHLER**

Question 31

Emphasized that **perception is more than the sum of its parts and studied how sensations are assembled** into meaningful perceptual experiences. It looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole.

Answer 31

**GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY**

Question 32

Establish the **Psychoanalysis**

Answer 32

**SIGMUND FREUD**

Question 33

Emphasizes the **importance of unconscious motives and conflicts** as determinants of human behavior.

Answer 33

**PSYCHOANALYSIS**

Question 34

8 METHODS USED IN PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 34

**THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD SAMPLES AND POPULATIONS RANDOM AND STRATIFIED SAMPLING METHODS OF OBSERVATION CORRELATION EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH HUMANS ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS**

Question 35

6 Scientific method

Answer 35

•FORMULATE A RESEARCH QUESTION •STATE THE HYPOTHESIS •TEAT THE HYPOTHESIS •DRAW CONCLUSIONS BASED ON FINDINGS •PUBLISH RESEARCH •REPLICATE STUDY

Question 36

Segment of population

Answer 36

**SAMPLE**

Question 37

*Entire group targeted* for study •Representative samples allow generalization of findings

Answer 37

**POPULATION**

Question 38

Each member of population **has equal chance of selection**

Answer 38

**RANDOM SAMPLE**

Question 39

A *sample drawn* so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample researchers divide subjects into subgroups called **strata** based on characteristics that they share.

Answer 39

**STRATIFIED SAMPLE**

Question 40

Bias represented by *studying people who volunteer to participate*

Answer 40

**VOLUNTEER BIAS**

Question 41

3 RANDOM AND STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Answer 41

1. **RANDOM SAMPLE** 2. **STRATIFIED SAMPLE** 3. **VOLUNTEER BIAS**

Question 42

3 METHODS OF OBSERVATION

Answer 42

1. **CASE STUDY** 2. **SURVEY** 3. **NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION**

Question 43

–Gather information about individuals or small groups –Sometimes used to investigate rarities

Answer 43

**CASE STUDY**

Question 44

–Used to *collect information* that **cannot be observed directly** - **large** sample of people answer questions about their **attitudes or behavior**

Answer 44

**SURVEY**

Question 45

–*Observe* subjects in their **natural environment** –*Unobtrusive measure*

Answer 45

**NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION**

Question 46

-*Mathematical method* of determining a **relationship between variables** –Expresses **strength and direction** of *relationship between variables*

Answer 46

**CORRELATION**

Question 47

4 Elements of True Experiment

Answer 47

1. **MANIPULATION** 2. **CONTROL** 3. **RANDOM ASSIGNMENT** 4. **RANDOM SELECTION**

Question 48

Demonstrates **cause and effect** *through scientific method* –**Independent variable** –**Dependent variable**

Answer 48

**EXPEREMENTAL METHOD**

Question 49

5 Experimental Method

Answer 49

1. **EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS** 2. **CONTROL GROUPS** 3. **PLACEBO** 4. **BLIND** 5. **DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY**

Question 50

in experiments, groups whose **members obtain the treatment**

Answer 50

**EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS**

Question 51

in experiments, groups whose **members do not obtain the treatment**, while other conditions are held constant

Answer 51

**CONTROL GROUPS**

Question 52

An intervention for example **taking a pill, receiving an injection, or undergoing an operation** hat resembles medical therapy but that, in fact, *has no medical effects*.

Answer 52

**PLACEBO**

Question 53

in experimental terminology, subject **do not know which study group they are in**

Answer 53

**BLIND**

Question 54

a study in which neither the subjects nor the observers **know who has received the treatment**

Answer 54

**DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY**

Question 55

•Ethical review committee and ethical standards –*Promote individual dignity*, human welfare and scientific integrity –Ensure *no harm will come to subjects*

Answer 55

**ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH HUMANS**

Question 56

participants provided with **false or incomplete information** about the research in order to *obtain unbiased data with respect to the participants' attitudes and behavior*.

Answer 56

**DECEPTION**

Question 57

A procedure administered to subjects after an experiment **to minimize any potential negative effects**.

Answer 57

**DEBRIEFING**

Question 58

•Animals are used when research **cannot be carried out with humans** •Animals may be harmed, only when: –*there is no alternative* –*benefits of the research justify the harm*

Answer 58

**ETHICS OF RESEARCH WITH HUMANS**