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PE: Paper 1 - Chapters 1-3 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology (69 cards)

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1
Q

Types of bones

A
  1. Flat
  2. Irregular
  3. Long
  4. Short
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2
Q

Flat bones

A

Often quite large
Protect vital organs

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3
Q

Irregular bones

A

Specifically shaped to protect, e.g. The vertebrae are specifically shaped to protect the spinal cord

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4
Q

Long bones

A

Enable large, gross movements

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Enable smaller, controlled, fine movements

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6
Q

Synovial joints, name all parts

A
  1. Bursae
  2. Synovial fluid
  3. Synovial membrane
  4. Cartilage
  5. Joint capsule
  6. Ligaments
  7. Tendons
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7
Q

Bursae

A

A sac filled with liquid to reduce friction between the tendon and the bone

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8
Q

Synovial fluid

A

A clear and slippery joint that lubricates the joint and stop the bones from rubbing together

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9
Q

Synovial membrane

A

The lining inside the joint capsule that creates and secretes synovial fluid.

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10
Q

Cartilage

A

A tough but flexible tissue between bones that acts as a buffer between the bones, that stops bones from rubbing together and causing friction.

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11
Q

Joint capsule

A

Tissue that stops the synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together.

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12
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement

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13
Q

Tendons

A

Very strong, non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone

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14
Q

Articulating bones at the shoulder

A

Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus

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15
Q

Articulating bones at the knee

A

Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Patella

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16
Q

Articulating bones at the hip

A

Pelvis
Femur

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17
Q

Articulating bones at the elbow

A

Radius
Ulna
Humerus

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18
Q

Articulating bones at the ankle

A

Tibia
Fibula
Talus

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19
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A

Support for muscles and vital organs

Protection of vital organs

Movement at joints, muscles pull on the bones allowing movement

Shape and structure, maintaining the basic form of the body, provides places for muscles to attach to

Blood cell production
Red - Carrying oxygen and nutrients to muscles
White - Fights of infections
Platelets - Creating blood clots

Storage of minerals, essential for major body functions

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20
Q

Support - Skeleton Functions

A

Provides support for muscles and vital organs

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21
Q

Protection - Skeleton Functions

A

Protection of vital organs, acts as a shield

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22
Q

Movement - Skeleton Functions

A

Movement at joints, muscles pull on the bones allowing movement

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23
Q

Shape / Structure - Skeleton Functions

A

Maintaining the basic form of the body, provides places for muscles to attach to

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24
Q

Blood cell production - Skeleton Functions

A

Blood cells are created in the bone marrow

Red - Carrying oxygen and nutrients to muscles
White - Fights of infections
Platelets - Creating blood clots at injuries

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25
Storage - Skeleton Functions
Storage of minerals, essential for major body functions
26
Types of joints
1. Hinge 2. Ball & Socket
27
Hinge joints - How do they move?
Bones move around the joint in a single plane - Extension or Flexion (Like a hinge on a door)
28
Ball and Socket joints - How do they move?
Can move towards and away from the centre line of the body, in a circular motion around the joint, as well as rotating
29
Joint actions and movements Name them all
1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Abduction 4. Adduction 5. Plantar flexion 6. Dorsiflexion 7. Circumduction 8. Rotation
30
Flexion
Decreasing the angle at a joint
31
Extension
Increasing the angle at a joint
32
Abduction
The movement of a limb away from the centre line of the body
33
Adduction
The movement of a limb towards the centre line of the body
34
Plantar flexion
The forward-bending motion of your hand or foot, increasing angle Towards the 'plants' in the ground
35
Dorsiflexion
The backward-bending motion of your hand or foot, decreasing angle Like a dorsal fin
36
Circumduction
The 'circular' movement of a limb around a ball and socket joint
37
Rotation
The limb moves in a circular movement around a fixed joint
38
Name all 13 muscles
Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Deltoids Rotator cuff Tricep Bicep Pectorals Abdominals Latissimus dorsi Hip flexor Quadriceps Hamstrings Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius
39
Name all 21 bones
Cranium Vertabrae Scapula Clavicle Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Meta-carpals Phalanges Ribs Sternum Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Talus Tarsals Meta-tarsals Phalanges 2.0
40
List the names and roles of the muscles in antagonistic pairing
Antagonist - Relaxes, allowing movement Agonist - Contracts, causing movement
41
Isometric definition + Example
Tension without movement E.g Plank
42
List the two isotonic movements
Concentric Eccentric
43
Concentric definition + Example
Contracting (muscle shortening) - Against gravity E.g Bicep curl - Pulling up
44
Eccentric definition + Example
Lengthening - With gravity E.g Bicep curl - Controlled down
45
Describe the path that air moves from outside into the body
Mouth/Nose Trachea Left/right Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Capillaries
46
How does oxygen and carbon dioxide move through capillaries
Diffusion The movement of particles from and area of high concentration to low concentration
47
What does the oxygen do once in the red blood cells?
Combines with Haemoglobin to form Oxyhaemoglobin
48
What muscles and bones are in action for inhalation and exhalation
Muscles: Intercostal muscles Diaphragm Bones: Ribs Sternum
49
What causes air to move in/out of the lungs
Movement of bones and muscles increase/decrease the volume of the lungs, creating changes in air pressure Lower volume = Higher pressure = Exhalation Larger volume = Lower pressure = Inhalation
50
How does breathing change during exercise
1) Muscles contract quicker 2) Pressure and Volume change quicker 3) Breathes are deeper and quicker
51
Tidal volume
The normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled breath Tidal volume increases with exercise
52
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume (after a normal expiration) Expiratory reserve volume decreases during exercise
53
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume (after a normal inspiration) Inspiratory reserve volume decreases during exercise
54
Residual volume
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration There is no change in residual volume during exercise
55
Vital capacity
The largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration Total lung capacity - residual volume
56
Describe the route that blood takes around the body Starting in the lower body
Gains CO2 loses O2 Through the inferior and superior Vena Cava Right atrium Bicuspid valve into the right ventricle Pulmonary artery into the lungs Gains O2 loses CO2 Pulmonary vein into the left atrium Tricuspid valve into the left ventricle Aorta into the body
57
Describe the pace maker in the heart
The sinus node, top of right atrium, sends electrical pulses across the heart from the right atrium down to the left ventricle. This causes the atria and the ventricles to contract and this moves the blood.
58
Blood vessels Name all three
Veins Arteries Capillaries
59
Veins Structure & Function
Large lumen, small walls Since there is low blood pressure in the veins, valves prevent back flow All veins carry blood towards the heart
60
Arteries Structure & Function
Small lumen, large muscular walls There is high blood pressure in the arteries All arteries carry blood away from the heart
61
Capillaries Structure & Function
The walls of capillaries are one cell thick to enable gaseous exchange Capillaries are found in the lungs and body for the diffusion on CO2 and O2
62
What actions can blood vessels do to redistribute blood during exercise?
Vasodilation - Increasing lumen/cross section Vasoconstriction - Decreasing lumen/cross section Normal vascular tone - At rest
63
Where is the majority of blood sent to at rest?
At rest, the majority of blood flow is sent to the: 1) Liver 2) Kidney 3) Muscles 4) Brain All of these have 18% each or higher of the bodies blood flow
64
Where is the majority of blood sent to during exercise?
During exercise, the majority of blood flow is sent to the muscles The muscles take 87% of all the body's blood flow during exercise
65
Stroke Volume
Volume of blood pumped out by the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
66
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume * Heart Rate
67
Heart Rate
Measured in Beats Per Minutes (BPM), the total number of repetitions of the heart contracting
68
Aerobic Exercise
Long periods - With Oxygen 60-80% of HRM Glucose + Oxygen = Energy + Water + CO2
69

PE: Paper 1 - Chapters 1-3 (3 decks)

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