CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Biotechnology was used by ________________ in ___________ in his book called _____________________________________________.
A
Karl Ereky, 1919, Biotechnology of Meat, Fat and Milk Production in an Agricultural Large-Scale Fram”
2
Q
The direct manipulation of nature for the benefit of mankind at the subcellular and molecular levels.
A
Biotechnology
3
Q
Is defined as the industrial use of recombinant DNA, cell diffusion and novel bioprocessing techniques
A
“New” biotechnology
4
Q
Also known as CGN-89564-2
A
Flavr Savr
5
Q
A genetically modified tomato, was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to have a license
A
Flavr Savr
6
Q
In July 2021, the Philippines became the first country in the world to approve ______ ______ for commercial propagation.
A
Golden rice
7
Q
A biological product which is given to individuals to strengthen their immune system towards the attacks of bacteria and pathogens.
A
Vaccine
8
Q
Are subunit vaccines where selected genes are introduced into the plants and the transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein
A
Edible vaccines/Green vaccines
9
Q
Stages of Biotechnology
A
Ancient, Classical, Modern
10
Q
Took place before the the1880s’; Humans learned to plant crops and domesticated animals for food.
A
Ancient biotech
11
Q
When did human start to use fermentation?
A
9000 BC
12
Q
Was considered the oldest microbe to be used for the benefit of mankind (bread, vinegar, alcoholic beverages)
A
Yeast
13
Q
Were produced from crossbreeding male donkey and a female horse, used for transporting loads and farming.
A
Mule
14
Q
1800s - mid-20th century
A
Classical biotech
15
Q
Fermentation promoted food production and medicine; Mass production of different types of fermented beverages.
A
Classical biotech
16
Q
Genetic manipulation of organisms
A
Modern
17
Q
Planting and gathering
A
10000 - 9000 BC
18
Q
Sumerians use yeast to make beer and wine
A
6000 BC
19
Q
Farming existence
A
5000 BC
20
Q
Egyptians used yeast for bread and wine
A
4000 BC
21
Q
Early farmers saved seeds
A
4000 BC - 1600 AD
22
Q
Peruvians select potatoes
A
3000 BC - 2000 AD
23
Q
Europe’s first hybrid plant by Thomas Fairchild
A
1700 - 1720
24
Q
Cultivation of legumes
A
1750 - 1850
25
Sumerians invented brewing process
1763
26
Smallpox vaccine by _______ ________ in ______
Edward Jenner, 1796
27
Pasteurization by Louis Pasteur in ______
1861
28
Gregor Mendel-hereditary in _______
1866
29
Crossbreed cotton
1870 - 1890
30
Russet Burbank potato and later several new hybrid fruits
1871 - 1900s
31
William James Beal - world's first Hybrid corn/yellowish white corn
1879
32
Robert Koch observed the growth of bacteria on potato slices (1
st ever solid medium for the growth of microorganisms)
1881
33
Walther Flemming - chromosomes
1882
34
Who developed the vaccine against rabies in _________?
Louis Pasteur, 1885
35
1st U.S. hybrid corn produced through self-pollination
1908
36
production of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisea)
1915
37
phages (viruses that only infect bacteria) were discovered
1915
38
the word ‘biotechnology’ coined by Hungarian
immigrant Karl Ereky.
1919
39
Flemming discovered the naturally derived antibiotic penicillin from the fungi ____________ ______.
1928, Penicillium rubens.
40
described the impact of X-rays and
radium on barley mutation
1928
41
hybrid corn becomes available
commercially in the United States,
causing corn yields to triple over the past
50 years
1933
42
discovery that chemicals can cause mutations
1941
43
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty discover DNA is the genetic
molecule.
1944
44
They describe the double helix structure of DNA in _________
Watson and Crick, 1953
45
work on creating high yield varieties of major grains - launching the Green Revolution.
1960s
46
discovery of restriction enzymes which opened the way for gene cloning.
1971
47
They successfully splice a gene from one
organism and move it into another, launching the modern
biotechnology era
Cohen and Boyer
48
Boyer’s lab created a synthetic version of the human insulin gene.
1978
49
first transgenic animals are produced by
transferring genes from other animals into
mice.
1981
50
the first transgenic plant is produced - a
_________ plant resistant to an antibiotic.
1982, tobacco
51
human insulin produced by ____________ _____ , 1
st production of modern biotech released commercially through Genetic Engineering.
1982, Escherichia coli
52
In _____, the ______________ ______ _________ (PCR) technique, which
makes unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, is
conceived.
1983, Polymerase chain reaction
53
field trials for biotech plants that are resistant to insects,
viruses and bacteria are held in the United States.
1985
54
first recombinant vaccine is approved for human use:
hepatitis B and the first anti cancer drug is produced through
biotech: interferon.
1986
55
DNA fingerprinting was used to convict a crime
suspect in UK.
1987
56
genetic modifications used to make chymosin, an
enzyme used in making hard cheese.
1990
57
The Human Genome Project was launched, an
international effort to map all of the genes in the human
genome.
1990
58
1st transgenic animal was born (Tracey), a sheep with
human genes for production of human therapeutic proteins in
her milk
1991
59
China first to put GM crops
on sale, namely VR tobacco and a tomato
Late 1980s/Early 1990s
60
, transgenic FlavrSavr® tomato is approved for
sale in U.S.
1994
61
, GM tomato paste approved in the UK, 1
ST
GM herbicide tolerant soya beans & insect
protected maize approved in the E.U; these crops
are known as the Bt crops.
1996
62
the birth of _______ ____ _______, the first animal
cloned from an adult cell
1997, Dolly the Sheep
63
human embryonic stem cell lines are established
1998
64
, golden rice stimulates production of ________ __ and prevent blindness.
1999, Vitamin A
65
the first entire plant genome is sequenced, _____________ __________.
2000, Arabidopsis thaliana
66
U.S. and Canadian scientists develop a transgenic tomato that
thrives in salty conditions.
2001
67
Six GM crops
soybeans, corn, cotton, papaya, squash, canola
68
the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) study
found that six GM crops planted in the USA - soybeans, corn, cotton,
papaya, squash and canola produced an additional 4 billion pounds of
food and fiber on the same acreage, improved farm income.
2002
69
the draft of the human genome was published
2002
70
farmers in 18 countries plant GM crops on 67.7 million
hectares.
2003
71
the SARS virus is sequenced three weeks after its
discovery
2003
72
farmers in 17 countries plant GM crops on 81.0 million
hectares.
2004
73
, first cloned pet (a kitten, CopyCat or Cc) was delivered to
its owner.
2004
74
farmers in 21 countries plant GM crops on 90.0 million
hectares.
2005
75
recombinant vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV)
receives FDA approval.
2006
76
, 1st modern biotech drug was approved for release in
Europe (then in USA in 2009): anti-clotting protein produced in
goat milk.
2006
77
1st blue rose was released commercially in Japan.
2009
78
Drs. J. Gurdon (Cambridge University) and S. Yamanka (Kyoto
University) won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine –
discovered that mature, specialized cells can be reprogrammed to
become immature cells, capable of developing into all tissues of the
body
2012
79
CRISPR means
(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats).
80
CRISPR-Cas9, a gene editing tool; discovered in bacteria,
operate like an immune system against invading viruses ^CRISPR
2013
81
Ebola vaccine by Canada (Ebola was discovered in Africa,
outbreak in 2014-2016)
2015
82
China successfully cloned monkeys (1st time on primates
2015
83
10 colors of biotech
Green - Agriculture
Red - Medical
White - Industrial
Gold - Bioinformatics
Grey - Environment Protection
Blue - Marine (Aquatic)
Yellow - Food Nutritional
Violet -IPR, Ethics and Biosafety
Brown - Arid and Desert
Dark - Bioterrorism, Biological Weapons
84
- uses living cells and cell materials
to produce pharmaceutical and
diagnostic products that help treat
and prevent human diseases.
Medical 'red' Biotech
85
treating diseases
by inserting genes into a patient
or replacing diseased genes with
normal genes.
Gene therapy
86
using stem
cells to produce various organs
and tissues and the laboratory
and transplanting these to replace
damaged organs or tissues
Stem cell therapy
87
– makes
use of living cells derived from sources such as
plants, bacteria, and yeasts, and creates
products that need less resources during their
production - produce less waste.
Industrial 'white' biotech
88
fastest-growing biotechnology field that uses
microorganisms in chemical production,
plastics, textiles, biofuels, cosmetics, paper,
textile, tanning, and food products.
industrial
89
- concentrates on technologies
related to agriculture, such as
when it comes to finding ways to
produce stronger crops or creating
new biopesticides to reduce the
many chemicals used by farmers.
Agricultural 'green' biotech
90
pest-resistant
plants, foods with higher protein or
vitamin content and drugs developed and
grown as plant products.
Genetically engineered
91
the use of plants as
sources of pharmaceutical products is an
application of agricultural biotechnology.
Molecular pharming
92
involves
the application of science and
engineering for the direct or indirect
use of aquatic organisms or parts or
products of living aquatic organisms
in their natural or modified forms.
Aquatic 'blue' biotech
93
is related to
using Biotechnological techniques for the
development of nutrition-rich products.
Nutritional 'yellow' biotech
94
Management of deserts, arid lands, and dry and
saline soils for growing high-valued commercial
crops.
brown biotech
95
It includes intellectual property rights, laws, ethical
issues, biosafety, biosecurity, philosophic issues,
and legal issues
Violet biotech
96
Violet biotech started in _____ when genetically modified
microorganisms (GMOs) first-time patent was
started.
1980
97
Biotechnological techniques in terrorism,
biological weapons, biowarfare, and
development of toxins that are harmful to
all types of living organisms like humans,
animals, and plants.
Dark biotech
98
Most advanced form of Biotechnology
Bioinformatics 'gold' biotech
99
Deals with all the types of computational
biology techniques (computer science, chip
technology, nanobiotechnology)
Gold biotech
100
also known as Environmental Biotechnology
that related to environmental applications
and focuses on the solutions to
environmental problems.
Grey biotech
101
includes the dissemination of
information of interest to the other
branches. t is carried out both in the
fields of education and scientific
dissemination with new advances in
biotechnologies.
Orange biotech
102
Other types of biotech
Forensic, Bioremediation, Animal
103
Forensic analysis of biological evidence
using biotechnology methods (DNA
Fingerprinting).
Forensic biotech
104
the use of biotechnology to process and
degrade a variety of natural and
humanmade substances, particularly those
that contribute to environmental pollution.
Bioremediation
105
the molecular biology
techniques are used to genetically engineer (i.e.
modify the genome) animals in order to
improve their suitability for agriculture,
industrial, or pharmaceutical applications.
Animal biotech
106
Animals can be used as _____________ to
produce important products – e.g. goats, cattle,
sheep, and chickens are being used as sources
of medically valuable proteins such as
antibodies (for immunity).
bioreactors
107
Two basic techniques used in biotech
Tissue culture, Genetic engineering
108
Soft biotech, which includes bio-fertilizer and vermiculture
Tissue culture
109
Hard biotech, which includes rDNA technology
Genetic engineering
110
Available careers in biotech
Epidemiologists, Bioengineer, Crime lab technician, Food scientist
111
– studies the cause of diseases by performing
experiments, analyzing data and doing surveys
Epidemiologists
112
the field that combines engineering and biology
and usually involves designing products for the medical industry, like
artificial organs or devices such as MRIs.
Bioengineer
113
analyzes evidence from a crime scene.
Crime lab technician
114
works in the food manufacturing industry and aims
to improve the taste, texture and look of various food products.
Food scientists
