Chapter 1

Question 1

Cell Membranes Consist of:

Answer 1

Fats, proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, protein

Question 2

Functional Proteins of Cellular Membranes:

Answer 2

Ion pumps, Ion Channels, receptors, enzymes

Question 3

Types of membranes

Answer 3

cell membrane, nuclear membrane, endosplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial, vacuolar, golgi apparatus

Question 4

How are cells bound together

Answer 4

intercellular junctions

Question 5

True or false: Cell membranes are semipermeable

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Name the 3 types of cell communicators

Answer 6

Endocrine Hormones, Paracrine Hormones, Autocrine Hormones

Question 7

Examples of Diseases from impaired cellular communication

Answer 7

Cholera, hyperthyroidism, myasthenia gravis, certain types of DM

Question 8

The chemical error in Cholera

Answer 8

Dysfunction in RECEPTOR cells in the small intestine as a result of the cholera bacteria. The bacteria binds to the receptor causing an increased release of adenylate cyclase, causing massive fluid in the intestine, not allowing reabsorption, causing death from tons of diarrhea & vomitting

Question 9

Treatment of Cholera

Answer 9

Fluid replacement & tetracycline

Question 10

Characteristics of Graves disease

Answer 10

Enlarged thyroid and massive overproduction of hormones

Question 11

Chemical Error in Graves disease

Answer 11

throid gland is driven by antibody of unknown origin vs. natural hormone.

Question 12

Chemical Error in Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 12

Inherited disease. Patients either have inability to produce enough LDL, or are homozygous & have no LDL production. Causes early CAD in childhood/adolescence

Question 13

Diabetes & Insulin

Answer 13

Reduced amount of receptors on cells of several different types of tissues. Obesity plays a large role in the decreased amounts of receptors.

Question 14

Chemical errors & depression

Answer 14

functional deficiency in norepinephrine & serotonin

Question 15

Chemical Errors & schizophrenia

Answer 15

excessive activity of dopamine in nerve pathways

Question 16

Common Neurological Diseases & Neurotransmitter dysfunction

Answer 16

Parkinson’s & Huntington’s Chorea

Question 17

How do cells communicate with one another

Answer 17

By releasing mediators

Question 18

How are cell messages picked up?

Answer 18

By Receptors, which relay the message to the structures within the cell

Question 19

What happens when the mediator is a steroid hormone

Answer 19

information is normally directed to the nucleus, for the synthesis of a new proteins (change takes time though)

Question 20

What happens when the mediator (cell message) is a peptide hormone or catecholamine

Answer 20

leads to the modification of previously assembled proteins (change can be quick)

Question 21

T/F: Hydrophilic chemical mediators can diffuse across the cell membrane

Answer 21

No, their receptors are on the cell membrane

Question 22

T/F Hydrophobic mediators receptors are on the cell membrane

Answer 22

False: the mediator can go through the semi permeable cell membrane.

Question 23

Changes in the cell membrane relate to:

Answer 23

Malignant neoplasia: changing the glycolipid & glycoprotein structures: damaging cell communication

Question 24

Cellular Adhesions & Tumors

Answer 24

Tight junctions retained & gap junctions are reduced or absent (this is the opposite for normal adhesions)

Question 25

Why do Tumor Cells continue to overproduce?

Answer 25

Because their cellular communication has been damaged & they have lost their ability to send/receive info to stop producing like normal cells.

Question 26

Define what "poorly undifferentiated or poorly differentiated" means

Answer 26

Anaplastic. Barely resembles the original tissue. When this occurs, there is a high chance of malignancy

Question 27

Characteristics of a benign tumor

Answer 27

``` Cell looks similar to the original edges are smooth compresses slow growth slight vascularity seldomly recur necrosis unusual minimal systemic responses ```

Question 28

Characteristics of a malignant tumor

Answer 28

``` Not similar to original cell irregular edges invading rapid growth moderate to high vascularity frequently recur necrosis common systemic effect is common ```

Question 29

Pleomorphic

Answer 29

Cells & nuclei vary in shape & size

Question 30

Abnormal Mitosis

Answer 30

products of cell division often result in abnormal cells with high rate of cell death

Question 31

Non encapsulated

Answer 31

invades surrounding tissue and does not compress as does benign tumor

Question 32

Typical Tumor

Answer 32

has doubled in size 30 times before it becomes clinically observed

Question 33

Tumors that have a doubling of 40 times

Answer 33

Often fatal to its host

Question 34

anorexia-cachexia syndrome

Answer 34

If the host is nutritionally deprived, the tumor growth may slow because the tumor takes nutrients from the host

Question 35

Five Stages of Metastasis

Answer 35

``` Invasion Cell detachment Dissemination Arrest and establishment proliferation ```

Question 36

Clinical Manifestation of Neoplasms

Answer 36

If in a small space like cranium: very small tumor can cause major sensory & motor symptoms

Question 37

Clinical Manifestation of Neoplasms in Body

Answer 37

A tumor can compress surrounding organs and tissues, causing symptoms of decreased blood supply, interference with function, and mobilization of compensatory and immune responses

Question 38

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Answer 38

Symptoms reflect system-wide alterations in body processes: nausea, malaise, weight loss, anemia, infection

Question 39

Staging & TNM Systems

Answer 39

T=tumor and its extent N=lymph node involvement M=distant metastasis