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Psychology Of Aging > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What us gerontology?

A

The study of aging from maturity through old age

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2
Q

Ageism

A

discrimination against older adults based on their age

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3
Q

What are the Four key features of the life-span perspective?

A
  1. Multidirectionality: development involves both growth and decline
  2. Plasticity: one’s capacity is not predetermined
  3. Historical context: each of us develops within a historical time and culture in which we are born and grow up
  4. Multiple causation: how we develop results from a variety of forces (see section on forces of development for more detail)
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4
Q

What are the Four key factors of dynamic interactions?

A
  1. Reduction in biologically based resources
  2. Increased need for cultural growth resources
  3. Decline in efficiency in use of cultural growth resources
  4. Lack of cultural support factors
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5
Q

What is Gerontology?

A

The study of aging from maturity through old age.

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6
Q

What is Ageism?

A

Discrimination against older adults based on their age.

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7
Q

What are the two phases of the Life-Span Perspective?

A

An early phase (childhood and adolescence) and a later phase (young adulthood, middle age, and old age).

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8
Q

What are the four key features of the life-span perspective?

A
  1. Multidirectionality: development involves both growth and decline.
  2. Plasticity: one’s capacity is not predetermined.
  3. Historical context: development occurs within a historical time and culture.
  4. Multiple causation: development results from a variety of forces.
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9
Q

What are the four key factors of dynamic interactions in aging?

A
  1. Reduction in biologically based resources.
  2. Increased need for cultural growth resources.
  3. Decline in efficiency in use of cultural growth resources.
  4. Lack of cultural support factors.
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10
Q

What demographic trend is observed in the United States regarding older adults?

A

Older adults are the fastest growing section of the population, particularly those over 85.

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11
Q

How do population trends vary between developed and developing countries?

A

Population trends vary significantly, with older adults increasing in numbers in both types of countries.

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12
Q

What is the trend regarding ethnic groups among older adults in the U.S.?

A

Ethnic groups are increasing faster than European Americans.

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13
Q

What is the impact of the increasing number of people over age 60 on economic resources?

A

Economic resources are being strained in countries around the world.

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14
Q

What are the biological forces in adult development?

A

Genetic and health-related factors.

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15
Q

What are psychological forces in adult development?

A

Perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors.

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16
Q

What are sociocultural forces in adult development?

A

Interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors.

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17
Q

What are life-cycle forces?

A

How the same event or combination of forces affect people at different points in their lives.

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18
Q

What is the biopsychosocial framework?

A

It includes biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces.

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19
Q

What are normative age-graded influences?

A

Biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces that are highly correlated with chronological age.

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20
Q

What are normative history-graded influences?

A

Events that most people in a culture experience at the same time.

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21
Q

What are nonnormative influences?

A

Events that may be important for a particular individual but not experienced by most people.

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22
Q

What is culture?

A

Shared basic value orientations, norms, beliefs, and customary habits and ways of learning.

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23
Q

What is ethnicity?

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A

Individual and collective sense of identity based on historical and cultural group membership.

24
Q

What is primary aging?

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A

Normal, disease-free change over the life span.

25
What is secondary aging?
Developmental changes related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable.
26
What is tertiary aging?
Rapid losses that occur shortly before death.
27
What is chronological age?
An index variable that allows one to represent events in standard, calendar time.
28
What is perceived age?
An individual's subjective perception of their age.
29
What is biological age?
An estimate of an individual's physiological age based on biological markers.
30
What is psychological age?
An individual's mental and emotional maturity.
31
What is sociocultural age?
An individual's age as determined by social and cultural norms.
32
What is emerging adulthood?
A recognized period from late teens to mid-to-late 20s.
33
What is the Nature-Nurture Controversy?
Examines the extent to which hereditary (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) determine who we are.
34
What is the Stability-Change Controversy?
Examines the degree to which people stay the same over time or change over time.
35
What is the Continuity-Discontinuity Controversy?
Examines specific developmental tasks from the perspective of being either a smooth evolution over time (continuity) or marked by abrupt shifts (discontinuity).
36
What is the Universal versus Context-Specific Controversy?
Is there one pathway (universal) of development or several pathways (context-specific)?
37
What is reliability in research?
The extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of the behavior or topic of interest.
38
What is validity in research?
The extent to which a measure measures what researchers think it should measure.
39
What are systematic observations?
Involves watching people and recording what they say or do.
40
What are the two types of systematic observations?
1. Naturalistic observation: observing how people behave spontaneously in real-life situations. 2. Structured observations: done by creating a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest.
41
What is sampling behavior with tasks?
The creation of tasks when one can’t observe behavior directly.
42
What are self-reports?
People’s answers to questions about a topic of interest.
43
What is representative sampling?
A subset of a population that is representative of the population of interest.
44
What is experimental design?
Systematic manipulation of a key factor (independent variable) to observe its effects on one or more other behaviors (dependent variables). * Provides insight into cause-and-effect relationships and involves random assignment of participants to experimental and control groups
45
What is correlational design?
Examines the relations among two or more variables as they exist naturally. * Cause-and-effect relationships cannot be determined
46
What are case studies?
Systematic investigations of a single person that provide detailed descriptions.
47
What are age effects?
Changes that occur as a result of underlying age-related changes in biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
48
What are cohort effects?
Differences caused by experiences and circumstances unique to the generation to which one belongs.
49
What are time-of-measurement effects?
Reflect differences in sociocultural, environmental, historical, or other events at the time the data is obtained.
50
What is the most serious problem in adult development and aging research?
Confounding of the three effects, taking into account Age effects, Cohort effects, and Time-of-measurement effects.
51
What is a Cross-Sectional Design?
Developmental differences are identified by comparing groups of people varying in age at a single time.
52
what is a Longitudinal Design?
The same individuals are observed repeatedly at different points in their lives
53
What is a Sequential Design?
involve using more than one cross-sectional (cross-sequential) or longitudinal (longitudinal-sequential) design simultaneously.
54
What is meta-analysis?
Allows researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables.
55
What are ethical considerations in research?
Researchers must minimize risks, describe research to potential participants so they determine whether they wish to participate or not, avoid deception, and ensure results are anonymous or confidential.

Psychology Of Aging (5 decks)

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