Chapter 1

Question 1

Organic

Answer 1

Derived from living organisms

Question 2

Organic Chemistry

Answer 2

The study of compounds extracted from living organisms and their natural products

Question 3

Vitalism

Answer 3

The belief that natural products needed a “vital force” to create them. This made organic chemistry be the study of compounds having the vital force.

Question 4

Basic Atomic Structure

Answer 4

An atom has a dense positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

Question 5

Isotopes

Answer 5

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Question 6

Half-life

Answer 6

The time is takes for half of the nuclei to decay

Question 7

What determines an element’s chemical properties?

Answer 7

Chemical properties are determined by the number of protons in the nucleus and the corresponding number of electrons around the nucleus

Question 8

Orbitals

Answer 8

Electrons that are bound to a nuclei can be found here. Orbitals are predictions pertaining to the properties of atoms and molecules.

Question 9

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Answer 9

States that we can never determine exactly where the electron is but we can determine the electron density and predict the probability of finding an electron in a particular part of an orbital.

Question 10

Principal quantum number

Answer 10

Where n=1 is the lowest energy shell and the one closest to the nucleus. As n increases, the shells are farther from the nucleus and therefore higher in energy and can hold more electrons.

Question 11

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Answer 11

Each orbital can hold a maximum of so electrons provided that their spins are paired.

Question 12

Lithium Carbonate

Answer 12

This is a salt of lithium and is a mood stabilizing agent used to treat mania

Question 13

Mania

Answer 13

Present as having behaviors such as elated mood, feelings of greatness, racing thoughts, and the inability to sleep.

Question 14

Hunds Rule

Answer 14

When there are two or more unfilled orbitals of the same energy, the lowest energy configuration places the electrons in different orbitals rather than pairing them in the same orbital.

Question 15

Ionic Bond

Answer 15

Bonding that occurs by the attraction of oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds form large three dimensional crystal lattice. Electrons are transferred.

Question 16

Covalent Bonds

Answer 16

Bonding that occurs when electrons are shared.

Question 17

What is the most important characteristic of carbon?

Answer 17

That it is able to form strong carbon-carbon bonds.

Question 18

Polar covalent bond

Answer 18

A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally.

Question 19

Dipole Moment

Answer 19

A measure of the polarity of a bond (or a molecule) proportional to the product of the charge separation times the bond length.

Question 20

Electronegativity

Answer 20

An elements ability to attract electrons. Elements with higher electronegativity attract electrons more strongly.

Question 21

Sigma Bond

Answer 21

A bond that had majority of its electrons density centered along the line connecting the nuclei.

Question 22

Pi bond

Answer 22

Occurs from the overlap between two p orbitals that are oriented perpendicular to the line connecting the nuclei.

Question 23

SP2 hybrid orbitals

Answer 23

Composed of 1 s and 2 p orbitals with 120 degrees arrangement.

Question 24

SP3 hybrid orbitals

Answer 24

Tetrahedral arrangements have one s orbital and 3 p orbitals.

Question 25

General Rule #1 of hybridization and geometry

Answer 25

Both sigma bonding electrons and lone pairs can occupy hybrid orbitals. The # of hybrid orbitals on an atom is computed by adding the number of sigma bonds and the number os lone pairs of electrons on that atom.

Question 26

General rule #2 of hybridization and geometry

Answer 26

Use the hybridization and geometry that gives the widest possible separation of calculated number of bonds and lone pairs.

Question 27

General Rule #3 of hybridization and geometry

Answer 27

When there are 2-3 pairs of electrons that form a multiple bond between two atoms; the first one will be a sigma bonds, the second bond is a pi bond, and the third bond is a second pi bond that is perpendicular to the first pi bond.

Question 28

Isomers

Answer 28

Different compounds with the same molecular formula.

Question 29

Structural isomers

Answer 29

Isomers that different in their bonding sequence meaning that their atoms are connected differently.

Question 30

Stereoisomers

Answer 30

Isomers that differ only in how their atoms are oriented in space.

Question 31

Stereochemistry

Answer 31

There are two types of stereoisomerism (cis and tans). This is also the study of the structure and chemistry of stereoisomers (study of three dimensional structures of molecules)

Question 32

Cis Trans isomers (Geometric isomers)

Answer 32

Differ in geometry of the groups on a double bond. (To have a cis-trans isomer there must be two different groups on each end of the double bond.)