Chapter 1

Question 1

St. Vitus’ Dance/Tarantism

Answer 1

mass madness of large groups of people jumping, dancing, and convulsing on the streets

Question 2

General paresis of the insane (GPI)

Answer 2

• A disorder evidenced by mania, euphoria, and grandiosity, followed by a progressive deterioration of brain functioning (dementia) and paralysis.
• Established by Richard von Krafft-Ebing that it results from an untreated syphilis infection
• Led to popularity of somatogenesis

Question 3

Lobotomies

Answer 3

Psychosurgery consisting of surgical removal, or disconnection, of the frontal lobes of the brain, intended to relieve all manner of mental and emotional disorders

Question 4

Trephination

Answer 4

A prehistoric form of surgery possibly intended to let out evil spirits involving chipping a hole into a person’s skull

Question 5

Asylums

Answer 5

A place for treatment of the mentally ill. Follow the tradition of care, support, and compassion.

Question 6

Humours

Answer 6

Bodily fluids, disturbances of which, according to Hippocrates, resulted in psychological dysfunctioning. Black bile, Yellow bile, Flam, Blood

Question 7

Psychopathology

Answer 7

Both the scientific study of psychological abnormality and the problems faced by people who suffer from such disorders

Question 8

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 8

• The use of electricity to induce a seizure in mental patients by placing electrodes on the skull and administering a convulsive rather than a lethal shock intensity
• Originally used to treat schizophrenia
• Found to be most effective for depression

Question 9

Psychological abnormality

Answer 9

Behaviour, speech, or thought that impairs the ability of a person to function in a way generally expected of him or her, in the context in which the unusual functioning occurs

Question 10

Psychological disorder

Answer 10

A specific manifestation of mental illness as described by some set of criteria established by a panel of experts

Question 11

Mental hygiene movement

Answer 11

From 1841 to 1881, Dorothy Dix carried on a passionate campaign about the inhumane treatment of the mentally ill.
Her camaign resulted directly in the opening of 32 state hospitals including 2 in Canada.
The asylums became overcrowded and turned into warehouses that simply retrained the patients

Question 12

Moral therapy

Answer 12

• Philippe Pinel
• the insane could be controlled without the use of physical or chemicalrestraints, by means of respect and quiet and peiceful surroundings, plenty of rest, a good diet, moderate exercise, and activities.

Question 13

Behaviourism

Answer 13

Approach devised by John B. Watson that declares that psychology must be restricted to the study of observable features or the behaviour of organisms. Abnormal functioning is learned as thus can be unlearned.

Question 14

Syndromes

Answer 14

Group of symptoms. Term created by Emil Kraepelin

Question 15

Natural causes

Answer 15

Causes that can be observed and examined.

Question 16

Somatogensis

Answer 16

The idea that psychopathology is caused by biological factors

Question 17

Culturally relative

Answer 17

The functions and acceptability of various behaviours vary by culture rather than being universal truths

Question 18

Bedlam

Answer 18

Any form of rowdy, chaotic behaviour.

Question 19

Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC)

Answer 19

A non–profit organization created to focus national attention on mental health issues and to work to improve the health and social outcomes of people living with mental illness

Question 20

Deinstitutionalization

Answer 20

• The removal of people with disabilities from institutions and the provision of community-based accommodation and services
• lead to mixed results: Proper care? Medicine abuse? Lack of a feeling of turmoil results in not wanting to take meds
• Three main processes: Reduce dependence on psychiatric hospitals, Increase psychiatric beds in general hospitals, Growth of community based outpatients services
• Canada was a leader in this in 1960, Success varied widely across Canada
• Lack of community resources continue to be a major challenge

Question 21

Supernatural causes

Answer 21

causes beyond the understanding of ordinary mortals such as gods or magic. Psychological dysfunctioning was thought to result from demonds and witchcraft

• Stone Age trephining involved chipping away a part of the skull
• The Edwin Smith and Ebers papyri indicate that the Egyptians used surgery and prayers

Question 22

Evience-based practice (EBP)

Answer 22

Health care based on established scientific findings rather than practitioners’ assumptions

Question 23

Elements of abnormality

Answer 23

• Statistical Concept
• Personal Distress
• Violation of the Societal Norms
• Diagnosis

Question 24

Hypocrites’ early medical concepts included

Answer 24

• Proposing that mental disorders had natural causes
• Associating dreams and personality
• Disturbances in bodily fluids (or humours)

Question 25

Plato

Answer 25

Viewed psychological phenomena as responses to the environment Emphasized individual differences and sociocultural influences Discussed hospital care rather than work houses or being shunned

Question 26

Aristotle

Answer 26

wrote a lasting description of consciousness

Question 27

Galen

Answer 27

provided an anatomy of the nervous system and how it played in

Question 28

Degeneration Theory

Answer 28

- Benedict Morel | - deviations in functioning transmitted by hereditary processes

Question 29

Emil Kraepelin

Answer 29

First to attempt to classify mental illnesses

Question 30

Psychopharmacology

Answer 30

- Emerged in 1950s - Mental illness seen to result from disordered brain chemistry - Success of antipsychotics led to deinstitutionalization

Question 31

Hypnotism

Answer 31

Charcot – believed hypnotism could treat psychological factors involved with hysteria

Question 32

Psychoanalysis

Answer 32

- Emphasizes inner dynamics of unconscious motives - developed by Freud who had clients free-talk about past events - Breuer used hypnosis to have clients free-talk

Question 33

Psychoanalysis concentrates on (4)

Answer 33

- Catharsis - The unconscious - Free association - Dream analysis

Question 34

Classical conditioning

Answer 34

- Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that dogs will respond to a nonfood stimulus once regularly accompanied by food - John B. Watson emphasized the study of overt behaviour

Question 35

Operant conditioning

Answer 35

E.L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner studied how the consequences of behaviour influence behaviour Rat in a box example