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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Anthropology

A

The study of human diversity in the past and present

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2
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

Subfield of Anthropology that focuses on the social lives of communities

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3
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

subfield that focuses on how people communicate through language

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4
Q

Archaeology

A

Subfield that studies past by excavating sites where people lived

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5
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

Subfield focused on physical aspect of human species

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6
Q

Industrialization

A

A big event that often comes up in anthropology

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7
Q

Evolution

A

evolutionary theories applied to the study of culture

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8
Q

Colonialism

A

Historical practice that ironically bigger countries would use anthropologist to understand indigenous people better.

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9
Q

The Salvage Paradigm

A

early practice of observing indigenous ways of life before traditional languages and customs appeared (criticized for ethnocentrism and imperialism)

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10
Q

Cultural Norms

A

Norms are a group’s ideas or rules about what behavior is appropriate or “normal” in a specific situation

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11
Q

Values

A

Beliefs about what is right, wrong, important, etc. that are a part of a culture

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12
Q

Values can motivate people to take extreme actions (T/F)

A

True

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13
Q

Powers in societies DO NOT create hierarchies of privileges (T/F)

A

False

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14
Q

Material power

A

brute force

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15
Q

Hegemonic Power

A

Ability to create consent and agreement in a population

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16
Q

Agency

A

the power of an individual or group to contest as component of culture (counter-culture)

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17
Q

What is ethnographic fieldwork?

A

Research that anthropologists do where they fully immerse themselves into the community. Consists of building theories and answering them through observations and interviews.

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18
Q

Who advocated for salvage ethnography and was an early advocate for the professionalization of anthropology?

A

Franz Boas

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19
Q

Who spent a year living on the Trobriand Islands? clue: he was a creeper

A

Bronislaw Malinowski

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20
Q

Who helped systemize anthropology and make it more scientific based?

A

E. E. Evans-Pritchard

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21
Q

Who was a good representation of women in anthropology?

A

Margaret Mead

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22
Q

How is modern fieldwork carried out?

A

-preliminary questions
-funding
-IRB approval
-permission to carry it out

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23
Q

Methods

A

Qualitative and Quantitative
interviews
observations
surveys
mapping
online observations
media observations

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24
Q

Polyvocality

A

More than one perspective on a topic

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25
Examples of Moral considerations
Informed consent Anonymity Do no harm
26
How might globalization have changed the ways we carryout fieldwork?
It makes it broader due to better communication, more digitized proccesses, multi-sited ethnography, and overall increased interaction between cultures
27
What is language?
a system of symbols and sounds
28
Kinesics
the study of the relationship between body movements and communication
29
Paralanguage
the set of noises and tones of voice that convey more information about the speaker
30
How does language shape our way of thinking?
Languages develop distinctions and categories necessary for those who speak them to deal with the realities around them
31
A prestige language
variation of language associated with wealth, education, and power
32
Code Swtiching
is the ability to switch between different variations of language based on cultural context
33
What is a slur?
An offensive insult that ridicules someone based on their idenitity
34
What is the issue with hate speech and slurs?
It reinforces systems of power that oppress marginalized people
35
Due to globalization language diversity...
has gone down
36
How has the internet changed the way we use language?
It made up new forms of communication that plays on existing languages
37
Agency
ability of individuals to make choices and influence their own lives within a broader social and cultural context
38
Intersectionality
understanding how multiple factors of identity can shape an individuals opportunities or experiences
39
Hegemonic power
Power that controls people by shaping what they believe is right or wrong, even without a threat of punishment for misbehavior
40
What is race?
a flawed system of classification that categorizes people typically based on physical characteristics
41
What do anthropologists study based on race?
They look at race as systems of power rooting from colonialism
42
The rule of hypodescent
mixed-race children were assigned the race of the parent with the lower-ranking racial category
43
Why is “white” seen as an unmarked category in the US? How does this interplay with the idea of intersectionality?
"White" being unmarked makes it not stand out and makes it the expected standard
44
Individual racism
expressed through prejudiced beliefs (microaggressions)
45
Institutional/structural racism
patterns of racial inequality structured through institutions, policies, and systems
46
What is a racial ideology
a set of ideas about a race that normalize and validate racism
47
Why was #Ferguson significant in anthropology?
It examined the role of social media in activism. It showed the challenges that anthropology face with changing technology
48
Highlights of #Ferguson
49
How is ethnicity defined outside of academia?
It is understood as a person's background, origin, culture, etc.
50
How do anthropologists think of ethnicity?
They view it many different ways but basically they see it as a sense of cultural connection
51
How is ethnic identity created?
self-identification for a sense of belonging
52
How does ethnicity become a source of conflict?
When ethnic difference has been introduced in a population conflict may intensify into violent acts
53
Assimilation
Process by which individuals adapt to the majority culture to fit in
54
Multiculturalism
The process by which immigrants enculturate into the dominant culture but still retain their ethnic culture
55
What is a state?
A regional structure of political, economic and military rule with a central government
56
What is a Nation?
A group of people who see themselves as a cohesive unit (based in shared language, culture, etc.)
57
What is a nation-state?
A mainly political entity where the populations share a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as people
58
What is nationalism?
A strong feeling of devotion to a nation or country
59
How is nationalism created?
through a development of shared sense of identity among a group of people
60
What is Media?
A means of mass communication
61
Why is media studied?
to understand how media influences cultural practices and social interactions across different societies
61
How is media gendered?
Because it constantly portrays men and women in stereotypical ways (and always reinforces it on others)
62
Who helped to create modern media studies?
Stuart Hall
63
How is representation traditionally thought of?
The way something is portrayed or depicted
64
Representation theory
Representation is a process by which members of a culture use a language to produce a meaning
65
What is sexuality?
a complex range of desire and beliefs related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure
66
What is mati work?
a complex form of female same-sex intimacy with strong social and cultural ties within the Afro-Surinamese community
67
How is machismo related to same-sex relationships?
machismo results from internalized homophobia as an index of risky sex
68
What is machismo?
strong or aggressive masculine pride
69
Where did the term tongzhi come from? Why was it originally used?
Tongzhi is a recclaimed word used by the chinese lgbtq community in efforts to make it a more positive thing
70
What was the point of Landmine Boy?
understand how colonialism contributed to the creation of ethnic identity and continues to perpetuate systemized and instituational racism and poverty
71
Endogamy
Getting married within your own social group
72
Mental maps
representations of our surrounding created through our prior knowledge and experiences
73

Anthropology (1 decks)

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