Chapter 1 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Describe the particle arrangement in a solid.
Particles are packed close together in a regular arrangement or lattice and vibrate in fixed positions.
Describe the particle arrangement in a liquid.
Particles are closely packed together in an irregular arrangement and are able to move around.
Describe the particle arrangement in a gas.
Particles are arranged irregularly, spread far apart, and are able to move randomly.
What is volatility?
The tendency of a substance to evaporate at normal temperatures.
What is sublimation?
The process where a solid changes directly into a gas.
What happens during condensation?
Gas changes into a liquid by cooling or increased pressure.
What are the key differences between evaporation and boiling?
Evaporation occurs at any temperature and at the surface, while boiling occurs at a specific temperature and bubbles form inside the liquid.
What characterizes a pure substance in terms of melting and boiling points?
A pure substance has a precise melting and boiling point.
How does the presence of impurities affect the freezing point of a liquid?
It lowers the freezing point of a liquid.
What is a heating curve?
A graph that represents the phase transitions a substance undergoes as heat is added to it.
What is a cooling curve?
A graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid.
What happens to the energy and movement of particles as temperature falls (cooling curve)?
The energy of the particles decreases, and they move more slowly.
What happens to the temperature during condensation or freezing?
Temperature remains constant until the gas is completely condensed to liquid or until the liquid is completely frozen to solid.
What is an element?
A substance that cannot be further divided into simpler substances by chemical methods; all atoms of an element contain the same number of protons.
What is a compound?
A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in fixed proportions.
State the main points of Kinetic Particle Theory.
All matter is made of small particles that are always moving. Different substances contain different types of particles. Freedom of movement and arrangement differs for the three states of matter.
According to Kinetic Particle Theory, how is gas pressure produced?
By the atoms or molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container.
What happens to the temperature during endothermic changes?
Temperature remains unchanged until the change is complete.
What type of changes are melting, evaporation, and boiling? (Endothermic/Exothermic)
Endothermic changes.
What type of changes are condensation and freezing? (Endothermic/Exothermic)
Exothermic changes.
What are the conditions within a fire extinguisher that allow carbon dioxide to be liquid?
The carbon dioxide is under pressure.
How does the rate of evaporation change with temperature?
The rate of evaporation increases with temperature.
