Chapter 1 Flashcards

(80 cards)

1
Q

What is the primary function of the heart?

A

To pump blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs.

The heart accomplishes this by beating 60 to 100 times per minute.

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2
Q

What is the average range of blood circulation per minute for the heart?

A

4 to 8 liters.

The heart pumps approximately 6,000 liters of blood each day.

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3
Q

What is the typical number of heartbeats per day for an average person?

A

Approximately 90,000 times.

This number can increase with stress or exertion.

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4
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the thoracic cavity, between the lungs in the mediastinum.

It is above the diaphragm, behind the sternum, and in front of the spine.

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5
Q

What structures surround the heart for protection?

A

Bony structures.

This bony cage also aids in CPR by allowing external chest compressions.

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6
Q

What are the coronary arteries responsible for?

A

Supplying blood to the heart muscle.

They are essential for the heart’s function and health.

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7
Q

What occurs in the cardiac cycle?

A

Different phases of heart contraction and relaxation.

Each phase corresponds to specific heart actions and functions.

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8
Q

Name the two types of cardiac cells.

A

Myocardial cells and pacemaker cells.

Myocardial cells are responsible for contraction, while pacemaker cells regulate heart rhythm.

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9
Q

What is the oxygen saturation of the heart’s chambers typically?

A

Varies depending on the chamber.

The right atrium has lower saturation compared to the left atrium.

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10
Q

What are the functions of heart valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood and ensure unidirectional flow.

They open and close in response to pressure changes in the heart.

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11
Q

What is the relationship of the valves to heart sounds?

A

Valve closure produces heart sounds.

The ‘lub’ sound corresponds to the closure of the atrioventricular valves.

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12
Q

List the great vessels associated with the heart.

A
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava

Each vessel has specific functions related to blood flow into or out of the heart.

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13
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems responsible for?

A

Regulating heart rate and function.

The sympathetic system increases heart rate, while the parasympathetic system decreases it.

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14
Q

Describe the fight-or-flight response in relation to the heart.

A

Increases heart rate and blood flow during stress or danger.

This response is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.

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15
Q

Describe the rest-and-digest response in relation to the heart.

A

Decreases heart rate and conserves energy.

This response is mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

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16
Q

What can cause a myocardial infarction (MI)?

A

Blocked coronary arteries.

This blockage can lead to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle.

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17
Q

What is the significance of understanding heart anatomy for patients?

A

It helps them comprehend their medical conditions and treatments.

Education can alleviate anxiety and improve compliance with medical advice.

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18
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The top of the heart from which the great vessels emerge.

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19
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

The bottom pointy part of the heart that rests on the diaphragm.

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20
Q

How is the heart positioned in the chest?

A

The heart lies at an angle with the bottom pointing to the left.

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21
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A
  1. Epicardium: The outermost layer.
  2. Myocardium: The middle and thickest layer, made of muscle.
  3. Endocardium: The thin innermost layer lining the heart’s chambers.
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22
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

A double-walled sac that encloses the heart, providing support and protection.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of pericardial fluid?

A

To minimize friction between the layers of the pericardium during heartbeats.

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24
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

The heart has four chambers.

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25
What is the function of the right atrium?
A receiving chamber for deoxygenated blood returning from the body.
26
What is the oxygen saturation of blood in the right atrium?
60% to 75%.
27
What is the function of the right ventricle?
Pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
28
What is the oxygen saturation of blood in the right ventricle?
60% to 75%.
29
What is the function of the left atrium?
A receiving chamber for oxygenated blood returning from the lungs.
30
What is the oxygen saturation of blood in the left atrium?
About 100%.
31
What is the function of the left ventricle?
Pumps oxygenated blood out to the entire body.
32
What is the oxygen saturation of blood in the left ventricle?
About 100%.
33
What is the function of the atria?
The atria's job is to deliver blood to the ventricles that lie directly below them.
34
Why are the atria thin-walled?
The atria are thin-walled, low-pressure chambers because minimal contraction is needed to transport blood to the ventricles.
35
What distinguishes the ventricles from the atria?
The ventricles are higher-pressure chambers that must contract more forcefully to deliver blood into the pulmonary system and systemic circulation.
36
Why is the right ventricle's pressure relatively low?
The right ventricle's pressure is relatively low because it pumps blood only to the nearby lungs, where pulmonary pressures are normally low.
37
How does the left ventricle compare to the right ventricle?
The left ventricle generates the highest pressures and has three times the muscle bulk of the right ventricle due to its heavier workload.
38
What is the role of the septum in the heart?
The septum divides the heart into right and left sides.
39
What are the two types of septa in the heart?
The septum separating the atria is called the interatrial septum, and the septum separating the ventricles is called the interventricular septum.
40
How many valves does the heart have?
The heart has four valves to prevent backflow of blood.
41
What types of valves are present in the heart?
The heart has two semilunar valves and two atrioventricular (AV) valves.
42
What are semilunar valves?
Semilunar valves separate a ventricle from an artery and have three half-moon-shaped cusps. There are two semilunar valves: the pulmonic valve and the aortic valve.
43
Where is the pulmonic valve located?
The pulmonic valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
44
Where is the aortic valve located?
The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
45
What are AV valves?
AV valves are located between an atrium and a ventricle and are supported by chordae tendineae attached to papillary muscles.
46
What are the two AV valves?
The two AV valves are the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve.
47
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle.
48
Where is the mitral valve located?
The mitral valve, also called the bicuspid valve, is located between the left atrium and ventricle.
49
How do valves operate?
Valves open and close based on changes in pressure and only in the direction of blood flow.
50
What is the normal heart sound?
The normal lub-dub of the heart is made by the closing of the heart's valves.
51
What does S1 represent?
S1, the first heart sound, reflects closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.
52
What does S2 represent?
S2, the second heart sound, reflects closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves.
53
What are the five great vessels attached to the heart?
The five great vessels are the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and aorta.
54
What is the function of the superior vena cava?
The superior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the head, neck, and upper chest and arms.
55
What is the function of the inferior vena cava?
The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the lower chest, abdomen, and legs.
56
What does the pulmonary artery do?
The pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
57
What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
58
What is the aorta?
The aorta is the largest artery in the body, taking oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation.
59
What are the heart valves and their locations?
Pulmonic: Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery Aortic: Between left ventricle and aorta Tricuspid: Between right atrium and right ventricle Mitral: Between left atrium and left ventricle
60
What is the direction of valve opening for the heart valves?
Pulmonic: Opens upward into pulmonary artery Aortic: Opens upward into aorta Tricuspid: Opens downward into right ventricle Mitral: Opens downward into left ventricle
61
What are the great vessels and their types?
Superior vena cava (SVC): Vein Inferior vena cava (IVC): Vein Pulmonary artery: Artery Pulmonic veins: Veins Aorta: Artery
62
What is the oxygen status of blood transported by the great vessels?
Superior vena cava (SVC): Deoxygenated Inferior vena cava (IVC): Deoxygenated Pulmonary artery: Deoxygenated Pulmonic veins: Oxygenated Aorta: Oxygenated
63
What does the superior vena cava transport blood from and to?
Transports blood from: Head, neck, upper chest, arms Transports blood to: Right atrium
64
What does the inferior vena cava transport blood from and to?
Transports blood from: Lower chest, abdomen, legs Transports blood to: Right atrium
65
What does the pulmonary artery transport blood from and to?
Transports blood from: Right ventricle Transports blood to: Lungs
66
What do the pulmonic veins transport blood from and to?
Transports blood from: Lungs Transports blood to: Left atrium
67
What does the aorta transport blood from and to?
Transports blood from: Left ventricle Transports blood to: Body
68
What is the flow of blood through the heart?
Superior or inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonic valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body (systemic circulation)
69
What occurs during diastole in the cardiac cycle?
The ventricles relax and fill.
70
What occurs during systole in the cardiac cycle?
The ventricles contract and expel their blood.
71
What is the first phase of diastole?
Rapid-filling phase. The atria are full of blood and have high pressure, while the ventricles are empty and have lower pressure.
72
What happens during the rapid-filling phase?
The AV valves pop open due to the pressure difference, allowing blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles.
73
How can the rapid-filling phase be visualized?
Imagine two water balloons connected at their necks; the top balloon (atrium) is full and the bottom (ventricle) is empty. When the pressure-sensitive valve is opened, water flows from the top to the bottom.
74
What is diastasis?
The second phase of diastole where the pressure in the atria and ventricles starts to equalize, slowing blood flow.
75
What occurs during diastasis?
Blood flow slows as the fluid levels in the atria and ventricles equalize.
76
What is the atrial kick?
The last phase of diastole where the atria contract to deliver the remaining blood into the ventricles.
77
What is the significance of the atrial kick?
It provides 15% to 30% of ventricular filling and is crucial for cardiac output.
78
What happens at the end of the atrial kick?
The pressure in the ventricles is high, causing the AV valve leaflets to slam shut, marking the end of diastole.
79
What is isovolumetric contraction?
The first phase of systole where all valves are closed and the ventricles are full but cannot yet exceed blood pressure to open the semilunar valves.
80
What occurs during isovolumetric contraction?
The ventricles cannot increase pressure by adding more volume since all valves are closed.