Chapter 1

Question 1

structurualism

Answer 1

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Tichener;used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Question 2

functionalism

Answer 2

early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Question 3

behaviorism

Answer 3

the view that psychology should be an objective of science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 4

hamanistic psychology

Answer 4

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

Question 5

cognative neuroscience

Answer 5

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition(includes perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Question 6

psychology

Answer 6

the science of behavior and mental processes

Question 7

nature-nurtue issue

Answer 7

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

Question 8

natural selection

Answer 8

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will mostly likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Question 9

levels of analysis

Answer 9

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to socal-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenom

Question 10

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 10

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

Question 11

basic research

Answer 11

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Question 12

applied research

Answer 12

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Question 13

counseling psychology

Answer 13

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being

Question 14

clinical psychology

Answer 14

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Question 15

psychiatry

Answer 15

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Question 16

positive psychology

Answer 16

the scientific study of human functioning , with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Question 17

hindsight bias

Answer 17

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

Question 18

critical thinking

Answer 18

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Question 19

theory

Answer 19

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Question 20

hypothesis

Answer 20

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Question 21

operational definition

Answer 21

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

Question 22

replication

Answer 22

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations , to see whether basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Question 23

case study

Answer 23

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth int he hope of revealing universal principles

Question 24

naturalistic observations

Answer 24

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control

Question 25

survey

Answer 25

a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group , usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

Question 26

population

Answer 26

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

Question 27

random sample

Answer 27

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Question 28

correlation

Answer 28

a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Question 29

correlation coefficient

Answer 29

a statistical index of the relationship between 2 things

Question 30

experiment

Answer 30

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Question 31

experimental group

Answer 31

in an experiment, the group exposed to treatment

Question 32

control group

Answer 32

in an experiment, the group not exposed to treatment

Question 33

random assignment

Answer 33

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, to minimize preexisting differences between the 2 groups

Question 34

double bind procedure

Answer 34

an experimental procedure in which both the research participant and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment

Question 35

placebo effect

Answer 35

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

Question 36

independent variable

Answer 36

the experimental factor that is changed, whose effect is being studied

Question 37

confounding variable

Answer 37

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

Question 38

dependent variable

Answer 38

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent