Chapter 1 Flashcards

(30 cards)

1
Q

Define rostral vs. caudal above vs. below the midbrain.

A

Above midbrain — rostral = toward frontal pole, caudal = toward occipital pole; at/below midbrain — rostral = toward cortex, caudal = toward sacral cord.

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2
Q

White matter appears white because ___?

A

High lipid content of myelin wrapping neuronal axons.

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3
Q

Primary motor cortex location & blood supply.

A

Precentral gyrus; mainly MCA, medial strip via ACA.

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4
Q

Somatotopic order (lateral → medial) on precentral/postcentral gyri.

A

Face | hand | arm | trunk | leg/foot (over superior border onto medial surface).

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5
Q

Broca’s area Brodmann numbers & deficit type when lesioned.

A

44/45; motor (expressive) aphasia.

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6
Q

Wernicke’s area anatomic boundaries & deficit type.

A

Posterior superior temporal + adjacent supramarginal/angular gyri; receptive aphasia.

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7
Q

Main function of frontal-eye field (area 8).

A

Voluntary horizontal conjugate eye movements to contralateral side.

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8
Q

Gyri hidden inside lateral (Sylvian) fissure and primary sensory it processes.

A

Transverse gyri of Heschl; primary auditory cortex.

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9
Q

Limbic structure critical for new declarative memory formation.

A

Hippocampal formation.

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10
Q

Ventricular flow sequence.

A

Lateral ventricles → interventricular foramina (Monro) → 3rd ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → 4th ventricle → median & lateral apertures → subarachnoid space.

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11
Q

Components of basal ganglia ‘striatum’ vs. ‘lentiform nucleus.’

A

Striatum = caudate + putamen; Lentiform = putamen + globus pallidus.

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12
Q

Major descending motor tract traversing crus cerebri, pons basis & medullary pyramid.

A

Corticospinal tract.

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13
Q

Location & function of inferior olivary nucleus.

A

Lateral medulla ventrally; relay to contralateral cerebellum for motor learning.

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14
Q

Cerebellar peduncle carrying OUTPUT to red nucleus & thalamus.

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle.

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15
Q

Cerebellar lobe primarily receiving vestibular input.

A

Flocculonodular lobe.

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16
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei contained in midbrain vs. pons vs. medulla (list key examples).

A

Midbrain = III, IV; Pons = V, VI, VII (motor), part VIII; Medulla = VIII, IX, X, XII & spinal XI.

17
Q

Define commissure and give two examples.

A

Uncrossed fiber bundle connecting identical structures; e.g., corpus callosum, anterior commissure.

18
Q

Arterial supply territory for medial frontal & parietal cortices.

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA).

19
Q

Why does an MCA stroke often spare forehead muscles?

A

Upper facial motor nucleus receives bilateral cortical input; lower face is contralateral only.

20
Q

Clinical signs of cerebellar hemisphere lesion (3 key).

A

Ipsilateral limb ataxia, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia.

21
Q

Forebrain structure forming lateral wall of lateral ventricle anterior horn.

A

Head of caudate nucleus.

22
Q

Function of hypothalamus in three words.

A

Homeostasis, hormones, autonomics.

23
Q

Directional term for ‘toward mid-sagittal plane.’

24
Q

Name & meaning of ‘lateral corticospinal tract’ decussation.

A

Pyramidal decussation; ~90 % of CST fibers cross in caudal medulla.

25
Main cortical region integrating somatic sensation to plan complex movements.
Superior parietal lobule (posterior parietal cortex).
26
Major fiber system linking hippocampus to hypothalamus.
Fornix.
27
Identify CSF-producing structure & its cell type.
Choroid plexus; specialized ependymal cells.
28
Describe apraxia.
Inability to perform learned purposeful movements despite intact strength & comprehension; often from premotor/supplementary motor damage.
29
Distinguish open vs. closed medulla.
Open = contains 4th ventricle dorsally; closed = contains central canal (caudal).
30
Visual field deficit from unilateral primary visual cortex lesion.
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing (if PCA anastomosis).