Chapter 1

Question 1

The scientific study of behavior, mental processes.

Answer 1

Psychology

Question 2

The process of thinking deeply and actively asking questions and evaluating the evidence

Answer 2

Critical thinking

Question 3

Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning.

Answer 3

Empirical Method

Question 4

Known for his studies structuralism. Founded the first psychology laboratory in 1879.

Answer 4

William Wundt

Question 5

Known for his work and functionalism. Argued the key question is not so much with the mind is, as what it is for.

Answer 5

William James

Question 6

Wundt’s approach to discovering the basic elements, or structures, of mental processes.

Answer 6

Structuralism

Question 7

An emphasis on the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior.

Answer 7

Functionalism

Question 8

An evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring.

Answer 8

Natural selection

Question 9

The seven contemporary approaches to psychology.

Answer 9

Biological.
Behavioral.
Psychodynamic.
Humanistic.
Cognitive.
Evolutionary.
Sociocultural.

Question 10

An approach to psychology, focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system.

Answer 10

Biological approach

Question 11

The scientific study of the nervous system.

Answer 11

Neuroscience

Question 12

Emphasize a scientific study of observable behavioral responses, and their environmental determinants.

Answer 12

Behavioral approach

Question 13

Emphasizes unconscious thought. Early childhood family experiences.

Answer 13

Psychodynamic approach

Question 14

Emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny.

Answer 14

The humanistic approach

Question 15

Emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing and thinking.

Answer 15

Cognitive approach

Question 16

Centered on evolutionary ideas for explaining specific human behaviors.

Answer 16

The evolutionary approach

Question 17

Examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.

Answer 17

Sociocultural approach

Question 18

The seven contemporary approaches fall under this umbrella approach.

Answer 18

Biopsychosocial approach

Question 19

Biological physiological and social factors are all significant in producing behavior.

Answer 19

Biopsychosocial approach

Question 20

Anything that can change.

Answer 20

Variable

Question 21

A broad idea, or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations.

Answer 21

Theory

Question 22

A testable prediction that derives logically from a theory.

Answer 22

Hypothesis

Question 23

Provide provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed

Answer 23

Operational definition

Question 24

The process in which a scientist attempts to reproduce a study to see if the same results emerge.

Answer 24

Replication

Question 25

1. Observing phenomenon. 2. Formulating hypotheses and predictions. 3. Testing through empirical research. 4. Drawing conclusions. 5. Evaluating conclusions.

Answer 25

Psychology’s scientific method

Question 26

Three types of psychological research.

Answer 26

Descriptive research. Correlational research. Experimental research.

Question 27

Research involving finding out about the basic dimensions of some variable. Does not answer questions about why things are the way they are.

Answer 27

Descriptive research

Question 28

An in-depth look at a single individual.

Answer 28

Case study

Question 29

Research driving to discover relationships between variables.

Answer 29

Correlational research

Question 30

Research concerning establishing casual relationships between variables.

Answer 30

Experimental research.

Question 31

A variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two other variables.

Answer 31

Third variable problem

Question 32

A special kind of systematic observation that involves obtaining measures of the variable of interest in multiple waves overtime.

Answer 32

Longitudinal design

Question 33

A carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables.

Answer 33

Experiment

Question 34

Participants are assigned to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that results will be due to pre-existing differences between groups.

Answer 34

Random assignment

Question 35

A manipulated factor.

Answer 35

Independent variable

Question 36

The outcome.

Answer 36

Dependent variable

Question 37

A person who has given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated.

Answer 37

Confederate

Question 38

The participants who received the drug or other treatment under study.

Answer 38

Experimental group

Question 39

As much like the experimental group as possible, and treated the same way, except for the manipulated factor.

Answer 39

Control group

Question 40

The sadness of the conclusions drawn from an experiment.

Answer 40

Validity

Question 41

The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real world issue it is supposed to address.

Answer 41

External validity

Question 42

The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Answer 42

Internal validity

Question 43

Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participant how the experimenter wants them to behave.

Answer 43

Demand characteristics

Question 44

The influence of the experiment expectations on the outcome of research.

Answer 44

Experimenter bias

Question 45

The influence of participants expectations, and of their thoughts on how they should behave, on their behavior.

Answer 45

Research participant bias

Question 46

When participants expectations, rather than the experimental treatment, produce an experimental outcome.

Answer 46

Placebo effect

Question 47

Neither the experimenter, nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and control group.

Answer 47

Double blind experiment

Question 48

Typer of research that determines the basic dimensions of a phenomenon.

Answer 48

Descriptive research

Question 49

type of research that determines how variables change together.

Answer 49

Correlational research

Question 50

Type of research that determines whether a casual relationship exists between two variables.

Answer 50

Experimental research

Question 51

The entire group about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions.

Answer 51

Population

Question 52

The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for Study.

Answer 52

Sample

Question 53

A sample that gives every member of the population and equal chance of being selected.

Answer 53

Random samples

Question 54

Involves observing behavior in a real world setting.

Answer 54

Naturalistic observation

Question 55

four points of the guidelines of the American psychological association for conducting ethical research.

Answer 55

1. Informed consent. 2. Confidentiality. 3. Debriefing. 4. Deception.

Question 56

Design in which a researcher has the same group of participants experience, the various conditions in the study. Advantage includes requiring only half the number of participants and knowing that the groups are the very same people in each condition.

Answer 56

Within participant designs

Question 57

Type of design that does not include random assignment of participants to a condition, because such assignment is either impossible or unethical.

Answer 57

Quasi – experimental design

Question 58

Type of design used for studies that examine the difference between groups of people who have had different experiences.

Answer 58

Quasi – experimental design