Chapter 2 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
The bodies electrochemical communication circuitry.
A
Nervous system
2
Q
The brain’s special capacity for change.
A
Plasticity
3
Q
Complexity.
Integration.
Adaptability.
Electrochemical transmission.
A
Characteristics of the nervous system.
4
Q
Two pathways in the nervous system.
A
Afferent nerves and efferent
nerves.
5
Q
Sensory nerves that carry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
A
Afferent Nerves
6
Q
Motor nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to the other areas of the body.
A
Efferent Nerves
7
Q
Networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output.
A
Neural networks
8
Q
The two divisions of the nervous system.
A
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
9
Q
The brain and spinal cord are in this system.
A
Central nervous system
10
Q
The network of nerves to connect the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
A
Peripheral nervous system
11
Q
The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
A
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
12
Q
The sensory nerves that convey information from the skin and muscles to the central nervous system.
A
Somatic nervous system
13
Q
Text messages to and from the bodies, internal organs and monitors body processes.
A
Autonomic nervous system
14
Q
The two parts of the autonomic nervous system.
A
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
15
Q
Arises the body to mobilize it for action and thus is involved in the experience of stress.
A
Sympathetic nervous system
16
Q
Calms the body.
A
Parasympathetic nervous system
17
Q
The bodies response to stressors or threatening circumstances and events.
A
Stress
18
Q
The bodies electrochemical communication circuitry.
A
Nervous system
19
Q
Complexity.
Integration.
Adaptability.
Electrochemical transmission.
A
Characteristics of the nervous system
20
Q
The brain’s special capacity for change.
A
Plasticity
21
Q
Two specialized pathways of the nervous system.
A
Afferent nerves and Efferent nerves
22
Q
Sensory nerves that carry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
A
Afferent nerves
23
Q
Motor nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body.
A
Efferent nerves
24
Q
Networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory input in motor output.
A
Neural networks
25
Two divisions of the nervous system.
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
26
The brain and spinal cord.
Central nervous system
27
The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
Peripheral nervous system
28
Divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
29
The sensory nerves that convey information from the skin and muscles to the central nervous system.
Somatic nervous system
30
Takes messages to and from the bodies, internal organs and monitors body processes.
Autonomic nervous system
31
Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
32
Arouses the body to mobilize for action and thus is involved in the experience of stress.
sympathetic nervous system
33
Calms the body.
Parasympathetic nervous system
34
The bodies response to stressors.
Stress
35
Threatening circumstances and events.
Stressors
36
The nerve cells that handle the information processing function.
Neurons
37
Provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions.
Glial cells
38
Four parts of a cell structure.
Cell body.
Dendrites.
Axon.
Myelin sheath.
39
The part of the neuron containing the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of necessary substances.
Cell body
40
Tree like fibers projecting from a neuron, which receive information and oriented towards the cell body.
Dendrites
41
Carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.
Axon
42
A layer of fat cells that in cases and insulates most axons.
Myelin sheath
43
The stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron.
Resting potential
44
The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon.
Action potential
45
Once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity, it fires and moves down the axon without losing that intensity.
All – or – nothing principal
46
Tiny spaces between neurons.
Synapses
47
Chemical substances stored in tiny sacs within the neurons terminal buttons that are involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap.
Neurotransmitters
48
Acetylcholine.
GABA.
Glutamate.
Norepinephrine.
Dopamine.
Serotonin.
Endorphins.
Oxytocin.
Neurochemical messengers
49
Neurochemical messenger involved in muscle actions, learning, and memory.
Acetylcholine
50
Neurochemical messenger that helps to control the precision of the signal being carried from one neuron to another.
GABA
51
Neurochemical messenger involved in learning and memory.
Glutamate
52
Neurochemical messenger that is stimulated by stress and helps control alertness.
Norepinephrine
53
Neurochemical Messenger that controls voluntary movement and affects sleep mood, attention learning, and the recognition of rewards.
Dopamine
54
Neurochemical messenger, that regulates sleep mode, attention and learning.
Serotonin
55
Neurochemical messenger, that is a natural opiate that mainly stimulates the firing of neurons.
Endorphins
56
Neurochemical messenger, that is both a hormone and neurotransmitter and is related to love and social bonding.
Oxytocin
57
A drug that blocks a neurotransmitters affects.
Antagonist
58
The activity of one neuron is linked with that of many others and creates this.
Neural network
59
A drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitters effects.
Agonist
60
Abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain.
Brain lesioning
61
Records the brain’s electrical activity.
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
62
X-ray.
CAT scan.
PET scan.
MRI
fMRI
TMS
How researchers study the Brain and Nervous System.
63
The lowest part of the brain, located at the skull’s rear
Hindbrain.
64
The hindbrain consists of these three parts.
Medulla
cerebellum
pons
65
The three sections of the brain organization.
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
66
Part of hindbrain which controls many vital functions and regulates reflexes.
Medulla
67
68
Part of the hindbrain which coordinates leg and arm movements and has a role in social thinking and social behavior.
Cerebellum
69
Part of the hindbrain that connects to cerebellum and brain stem and is involved in sleep and arousal.
Pons
70
Connect with a spinal cord at its lower end and then extends upward to in case the reticular formation in the mid brain
Brain stem
71
An area in which many nerve fiber systems ascend and decent to connect the higher and lower parts of the brain.
Midbrain
72
A diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotype patterns of behavior, such as walking, sleeping, turning to a sudden noise.
Reticular formation
73
Part of the brain that is the largest division and it’s most forward part.
Forebrain
74
Three important structures of the forebrain.
Limbic system.
Amygdala.
Hippocampus.
Thalamus.
Basil ganglia.
Hypothalamus.
75
Central to emotion, memory, and reward processing; contains the amygdala and hippocampus.
Limbic system
76
Involved in the discrimination of objects necessary for survival.
Amygdala
77
Has a special role in the storage of memories.
Hippocampus
78
Serves as an important relay station.
Thalamus
79
Works with the cerebellum and cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements.
Basal ganglia
80
Monitors, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior, as well as emotion, stress, and reward.
Hypothalamus
81
Responsible for the most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning.
Cerebral cortex
82
The outermost part, making up 80% of the human brains cortex.
Neocortex
83
The four lobes of the cerebral cortex.
Temporal lobes.
Frontal lobes.
Occipital lobes.
Parietal lobes.
84
Structures at the back of the head that respond to visual stimuli.
Occipital lobes
85
Involved in hearing, language, processing, and memory.
Temporal lobes
86
Involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles.
Frontal lobes
87
Involved in registering special location, attention, and motor control.
Paretial lobes
88
Involved in higher cognitive functions.
Prefrontal cortex
89
Two important regions of the cerebral cortex.
Motor cortex and somatosensory cortex
90
Processes of information about body sensation; located at the front of the paretial lobe.
Somatosensory cortex
91
Processes information about voluntary movement; located just behind the frontal lobes.
Motor cortex
92
The hemisphere of the brain associated with language.
Left hemisphere
93
The large bundle of axons that connects the brains to hemispheres.
Corpus callosum
94
The hemisphere of the brain that dominates in processing nonverbal information.
Right hemisphere
95
Refers to a specialization of function that occurs in some areas of the hemisphere.
Lateralization
96
A set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs.
Endocrine system
97
Organs or tissues that create chemicals that control many bodily functions.
Glands
98
Chemical messengers that are produced by the end doctrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body.
Hormones
99
Controls growth and regulates other glands.
Pituitary gland
100
Regulate moods, energy level, and the ability to cope with stress.
Adrenal glands
101
Organ that controls both digestive and doctrine functions
Pancreas
102
Sex related and doctrine glands that produce hormones involved in sexual development and reproduction.
Ovaries and testes
103
Unique, primitive cells that have the capacity to develop into most types of human cells.
Stem cells
104
In the human cell, thread like structures that come in 23 pairs that contain DNA
Chromosomes
105
A complex molecule that carries genetic information.
Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
106
The units of hereditary information.
Genes
107
If one gene of a pair is dominant, and one is recessive, the dominant gene overrides the recessive gene.
Dominant – recessive gene principle
108
Molecular genetics.
Selective breeding.
Genome – wide association method.
Behavior genetics.
Four ways to study genetics
109
An individual’s genetic heritage; their actual genetic material.
Genotype
110
An individuals observable characteristics.
Phenotype
111
The interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.
Gene x environment interaction
112
The human nervous system is made up of how many communicating cells?
Billions
113
The nervous system is it itself divided into which systems?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
114
115
Consists of the reticular formation and brain stem.
Midbrain
116
Consist of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons
Hindbrain
117
Extensive, wrinkled outer layer of the four brain; governs higher brain functions, such as thinking, learning, and consciousness.
Cerebral cortex
118
Relays information between lower and higher brain centers.
Thalamus
119
Governs eating, drinking, and sex; plays a role in emotion and stress
Hypothalamus
120
Diffuse collection of neurons involved in arousal and stereotype patterns, such as walking
Reticular formation
121
Governs breathing and reflexes
Medulla
122
Rounded structure involved in motor coordination
Cerebellum
123
Govern sleep and arousal
Pons
124
Involved in memory
Hippocampus
125
Involved in fear in the discrimination of objects necessary for organism survival
Amidala
126
