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Intro 2 Counseling > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychoanalysis?

- assumptions

A

First system of psychotherapy. A personality theory, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of therapy.
- Human nature is deterministic. Instinctual drives, unconscious motivation. Later development emphasized social and cultural factors

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2
Q

Contemporary psychoanalytic theory

A

Emphasized development of the ego and the differentiation and individuation of the self. Stress psychosocial development thru life span.

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3
Q

Psychoanalytic views of healthy vs. psychopathic

A
  • Healthy personality development is successful resolutions of both psychosexual and psychosocial issues.
  • Psychopathology is result of failing to meet developmental task or becoming fixated at some level.
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4
Q

Psychoanalytic goals (3)

A

1) make unconscious conscious
2) ego growth thru analysis of resistance and transference
3) restructuring of personality more of aim than solving problems.

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5
Q

Psychoanalytic techniques - 4

A

1) maintaing the analytic framework
2) free association
3) dream analysis
4) analysis of resistance and transference

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6
Q

Psychoanalysis limitations

Limits with?

A

Stresse insight but does not give recognition to importance of action methods. Freud ignored social cultural and interpersonal factors. Limits of applicability with crisis counseling, minorities and social work

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7
Q

Abreaction

A

the emotional release resulting form recalling and reliving painful and repressed experiences.

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8
Q

Borderline personality

A

instability, irritability, self destructive acts, extreme mood shifts. lack a sense of own identity and do not have a deep understanding of others.

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9
Q

Ego psychology

A

psychosocial approach of Erik Erikson, emphasizes the development of ego at various stages of life.

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10
Q

Identity crisis

A

A developmental challenge occurring during adolescence whereby person seeks to establish stable view of self and to define place in life.

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11
Q

Libido

A

The instinctual drives of the id and source of psychic energy

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12
Q

Object-relations theory

A

Newer version of psychoanalytic thinking focusing on predictable developmental sequences in which early experiences of self shift in relation to awareness of others. Hold that individuals go thru phases of autism, normal symbiosis and separation and individuation culminating in a state of integration.

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13
Q

Psychodynamics

A

the interplay of opposing forces and intro psychic conflicts providing a basic for understanding human motivation.

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14
Q

Transference neurosis

A

the point in classical psychoanalysis when the patients fantasies about the therapist are at their peak at which time the therapeutic relationships becomes the focus of therapy

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15
Q

Unconscious

A

aspect of psychological functioning or of personality that houses experiences, wishes, impulses, and memories in an out of awareness state as a protection against anxiety.

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16
Q

Working through

A

a process of resolving basic conflicts that are manifested in the clients relationship with the therapist, achieved by the repetition of interpretations and by exploring forms of resistance.

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17
Q

Individual psychology

In U.S.?

A

describes Adler’s approach’s emphasis on the uniqueness and unity of the individual. Began in Europe in 1900s. Dreikurs was the main person responsible for transplanting Adlerain principles in US.

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18
Q

Adler’s basic assumptions (8)

A

1) Stresses social psychology and a positive view of human nature.
2) People are in control of fate.
3) Individuals create a distinctive lifestyle at an early age rather than being merely shaped by childhood experiences. Lifestyle remains constant and defines are beliefs.
4) Consciousness is center of personality.
5) Growth model
6) unity in personality
7) motivated by social interest
8) inferiority serve as wellspring of creativity motivating strive for mastery

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19
Q

social interest

A

motivation of humans; a sense of belonging and having a place in society.

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20
Q

Adlerian Therapeutic goals (3)

A

1) main goal is challenging client’s mistaken notions and faulty assumptions
2) provide encouragement so clients can develop socially useful goals
3) specific goals include: fostering social interest, helping clients overcome discouragement, helping them feel equal with others.

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21
Q

Adlerian therapeutic relationship

A

Structured with contract which emphasizes joint responsibility. Focused on examining clients lifestyle, which therapists interpret by demonstrating a connection between the past, present, and future.

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22
Q

Adlerian techniques - 5

A

1) attending
2) confrontation
3) paradoxical intention
4) interpretation of family constellation
5) early recollections

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23
Q

Adlerian contributions

A

Founded one of the major humanistic approaches. Foreshadowed CBT. Approach helped recognize culturally diverse populations

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24
Q

Basic mistakes

A

faulty, self defeating perceptions, attitudes and beliefs which may have even appropriate at one time but are no longer. These myths are influential in the shaping of personality. (denying ones worth, impossible goals, exaggerated need for security)

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25
Convictions
Conclusions based on life experiences and the interpretations of such experiences
26
Fictional Finalism
An imagined central goal that gives direction to behavior and unity to the personality. An image of what people would be like if they were perfect.
27
Inferiority feelings
the ever-present deterring force in behavior.
28
Life tasks (3)
Adler's notion that all humans must face and solve certain problems universal in life, including task of friendship, work and intimacy
29
Priorities
characteristics that involve a dominant behavior pattern with supporting convictions that an individual uses to cope. ex: superiority, control, comfort, pleasing.
30
Style of life
A persons way of thinking, acting, feeling. A conceptual framework by which the world is perceived and by which people are able to cop with life tasks. Persons personality
31
Teleology
study of goals and the goal directness of human behavior. Humans live by aims and purposes not by being pushed by outside forces.
32
Spitting in the clients soup
Used when clients engage in manipulative games such as acting like a martyr. Involves deterring the payoff of the game and interpreting it to the client.
33
Push-button technique
Involves having clients concentrate on pleasant and unpleasant experiences and feelings they generate. When they discover their thoughts influence their emotions they recognize that they can take control of their emotional responses. They create a constructive way of reaction to their situation producing a more positive emotional response.
34
Catching oneself
Clients can use this technique to avoid old self defeating patterns.
35
Acting as if
Promotes a self fulfilling prophecy
36
Task setting and commitment
Use of homework
37
Psychotherapy (3)
A formal process of interaction between two parities, for the purpose of amelioration of distress in one of the 2 parties relative to any of the following areas of disability: 1) cognitive functions (disorders of thinking) 2) affective functions (emotional discomfort) 3) behavioral functions Therapist has some theory of the personality's origins of development, maintenance, and change and some method of treatment related to the theory.
38
Theoretical approaches to psychotherapy (6)
1. Therapy involves responding to feelings thoughts and actions of the client. 2. Therapy involves a basic acceptance of the client's perspective 3. Confidentiality and privacy are essential 4. Therapy is voluntary 5. Conservative bias regarding self disclosure 6. Communication is a basic skill
39
Successful outcomes of therapy (4)
1. Clients begin to OWN problems and issues. 2. Clients develop a MORE USEFUK understanding of problems 3. Clients acquire NEW RESPONSES to old issuers, new insight 4. Clients learn how to develop EFFECTIVE RELATIONSHIPS.
40
Stages of psychotherapy (6)
1. Relationship building- building rapport 2. Assessment and Diagnosis 3. Formulation of goals 4. Intervention (different techniques) 5. Termination 6. Research and Evaluation
41
Characteristics of effective helpers (8)
1. Self awareness and understanding of self 2. Good psychological health 3. sensitivity emotionally- empathy 4. open-mindedness 5. Objectivity 6. Competence 7. Trustworthiness 8. Interpersonal attractiveness
42
Problems of beginning counselors (10)
1. Focusing on first issue 2. Overlooking physical or med issues 3. Wanting to rescue clients from their unhappiness by: reassuring clients, offering instant advice, rescue from intense emotions 4. Having unrealistic expectations 5. Getting carried away with latest technique 6. Popcorn syndrome- changing focus because the client keeps changing stories; changing goals 7. Using inappropriate phrases 8. Having an excessive desire to help and be liked 9. Being uncertain about self-disclosure 10. Being uncertain about confidentiality
43
Ethics (codes of conduct) | -5
- Based on mandate of beneficence, to always to action to help others. Nonmaleficence is to do nor harm through action or inaction 1. Informed consent 2. Confidentiality - or privilege 3. multiple relationships- don't have dual relations 4. assessment- obligated to learn how to use testing instruments 5. scope of practice- competence
44
Person-centered therapy
A branch of humanistic psychology that stress phenomenological approach. Developed in late 1940's. Based on subjective view of human experience. A non-directive approach. Relationship centered rather than technique centered.
45
Person-centerd therapy basic assumptions (5) | - mental health is?
1. Positive view of humanity. 2. You have control over life 3. Client can save own problems 4. Present moment important 5. Mental health is congruence between what one wants to become(self ideal) and what one actually is (self concept)
46
Person-centerd therapy Goals (2)
1. Provide climate of safety and trust to allow for self exploration of blocks to growth 2. Client moves towards openness, great self trust, more living by internal standards
47
Person-centerd therapy Therapeutic relationship | - 7 qualities
Emphasizes personal characteristics of there therapist. Geniuses, non possessive warmth, accurate empathy, unconditional acceptance of and respect for client, permissiveness, caring, communication, all qualities most important.
48
Person-centerd therapy techniques
Few techniques because of the stress placed on the therapeutic relationship. Minimizes directive techniques. Emphasizes full involvement of the therapist.
49
Differences between psychoanalytic and Person-centerd therapy (2)
1. PCT is Relationship centered rather than technique centered 2. PCT is multicultural and used for divers cultures.
50
Accurate empathetic understanding
act of perceiving the internal frame of reference of another, of grasping the person's subjective world, without losing ones own identity.
51
Congruence
The state in which self-experiences are accurately symbolized in the self-concept. With there therapist it is that matching of one's inner experiencing with external expressions.
52
Self-actualizing tendency
A growth force within us, The basis on which ppl can be trust to identify and resolve their own problems.
53
Humanistic psychology
A movement often refereed to as the third force that emphasizes freedom, choice, growth, self actualization, becoming, spontaneity.
54
Therapeutic conditions | - (3)
The necessary and sufficient characteristics of the therapeutic relationship for clients change to offer. These core conditions include: 1. Therapist congruence/genuineness 2. Unconditional positive regard (respect) 3. accurate empathetic understanding
55
Unconditional positive regard
the nonjudgmental expression of a fundamental respect fro the persona as a human, acceptance of persons feelings.
56
Gestalt therapy | - Derived from?
Founded by Fredrick Perls; a powerful experiential psychotherapy focusing on contact and awareness in here and now. Help client move beyond emotional blocks which frees them to explore new behavior in the "safe emergency"of therapy. - Psychoanaylsis, experimental gestalt, humanist/exstinential movement
57
Gestalt basic assumptions | -history?
Existential roots of gestalt therapy come from work of philosopher Martin Buber and his emphasis on the I-Thou relationship. This view is called the Dialogic approach (healing dialogue) where therapist practices presence, inclusion, and the I-thou attitude so that true healing can take place.
58
Gestalt Therapeutic Goals
Help clients move past pain, fear, anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem. Discover who they really are and allow themselves to develop in ways that are appropriate for them.
59
Gestalt techniques and procedures (3)
Since Perl's death the style has shifted to more rational nature: 1. Less frustration of client advised 2. balance between here/now and Historical perspective 3. attention to rational thought and feelings/sensations
60
Wilhelm Reich
source of Gestalt; a psychoanalysis; we get an awareness of the impact of our early development on our current being; tendency to hold our feelings in bodies by tightening muscles and constricting energy flow, the formation of character structure.
61
Lewin
Source of Gestalt; A field theorist; Helped us see our interconnectedness that we exist as part of our environmental field and can only be understood in relation to that field.
62
Experimental Gestalt Psychologists
Demonstrated the holistic nature of our relationship with world, Gestalt to the whole form of configuration which is greater than sum of its parts.
63
Top dog/ underdog
The top dog takes role of the parental authoritarian who says i know what is best for you; the underdog sabotages the top dog by playing helpless: (I don't know how to do that, will you help me?)
64
Environmental contact
Made through several functions: Looking, listening, talking, moving, smelling, tasting. Contact necessary for growth; it is means for changing oneself and ones experience of world
65
Phony
attempting to be somebody one is not; reacting in stereotypical patterns; lying for self enhancement
66
Phobic
Phobias are set in place as a way to avoid feared psychological pain
67
Impasse
When the games ppl play during the first two layers are no longer effective and are dropped or extinguished, they are likely to become stuck because the individuals know of no better way to cope with fears or inadequacies. - situation where progress in treatment is ceased; caused by insight being blocked by resistance
68
Implosive
pulling of ones self together, contracting, compression, imploding as they reintegrate into different ppl
69
Explosive
Capable of experiencing and expressing emotions
70
Unfinished business
Unfulfilled needs, unexpressed feelings, uncompleted situations that may submerge from conscious awareness but are continuously recycled and demand attention.
71
Confidentiality
Counselor's obligation not to reveal private or secret info shared by client; legally called privileged communication
72
Informed consent
Telling clients what can be expected during treatment, how long it may take, how much it will probably cost; this communication forms basis of trusting relationship.
73
Pampering
Adlers term for spoiling; gives child excessive attention and protection and prevents development of initiative and independence.
74
internal frame of reference
Carl Rogers; the realm of experience that is available to awareness of person at any given moment
75
Figure
That which occupies the center of a persons attentive awareness; commands person's attention
76
Approbation
Gestalt process which ppl develop splits in personalities and create a self image (self based on external standards). Approbation interferes with development of a sound and healthy notion of self.
77
Retroflection
Gestalt process by which some function that was originally directed from individual toward the world changes direction and is bent back towards originator; result is split between self
78
Self
The gestalt creative process that leads the person to actualizing behaviors by responding to emergent needs and environmental pressures; the fundamental characteristics of self is formation and distinction of gestures
79
self-image
Gestalt; part of personality that hinders creative growth by imposing external standards.
80
Perl's five layers of neurosis
1. Phony layer 2. Phobic layer- avoid recognizing parts of self they want to deny 3. Impasse layer- no sense of direction, helpless 4. implosive 5. explosive - at these final two the person feels vulnerable to feelings; experience explosion of feelings leading to authenticity
81
Ethical Decision making steps (4)
1. Discern - identify the moral issues involved 2. Deliberate- a) identify the moral issues or principles involved b) seek guidance from the APA code of conduct, State Board of Psychology Code of Ethics, relevant APA documents or state law c) identify the interests of the person involved. society, and yourself d) solicit additional ufo if necessary and consult knowledgeable persons e) generate alternatives and evaluate the likely outcome based on each of these alternatives 3. Decide- choose moral course of action 4. Do- implement the moral course of action
82
Duty to warn | - 2
The responsibility of a counselor or therapist to breach confidentially if a client or other identifiable person is in clear or imminent danger. There is a duty to warn if there is an immediate known serious risk op potentially lethal harm where: 1) there is a specific and immediate threat of serious bodily injury that has been communicated 2) the threat was made against a specific identifiable victim
83
Phenomenology
An approach to understanding personality that emphasizes the importance of understanding the person's subjective experiences, feelings, and private concepts - used in Rogers and Gestalt
84
Phenomenology
An approach to understanding personality that emphasizes the importance of understanding the person's subjective experiences, feelings, and private concepts - used in Rogers and Gestalt

Intro 2 Counseling (2 decks)

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