Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

-All living things are
composed of one or more c4ls
-The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
-Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

Units of measure

Answer 2

micrometer, nanometer, millimeter, centimeter

Question 3

3 strands of Cell Biology

Answer 3

Cytology, Biochemistry and Genetics

Question 4

Brief description of Cytology

Answer 4

Study of the structure, function and behavior of cells

Question 5

Brief description of Biochemistry

Answer 5

Study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level

Question 6

Brief description of Genetics

Answer 6

Study of heredity/genes

Question 7

Light Microscope resolving power distinguishes

Answer 7

how far apart objects must be to appear as distinct

Question 8

Light microscope limits of resolution allows

Answer 8

ability to see fine details

Question 9

Different types of light microscopes

Answer 9

Brightfield (stained and unstained), phase contrast, , fluorescence, differential interference contrast and confocal

Question 10

Transmission electron microscopy

Answer 10

electrons are transmitted through the specimen

Question 11

Scanning electron microscopy

Answer 11

the surface of a specimen is scanned by detecting electrons deflected from the outer surface

Question 12

Cell Ultrastructure

Answer 12

is the architecture and biomaterials of cells that is visible with a light microscope

Question 13

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 13

a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size

Question 14

Proteomics

Answer 14

is used to investigate: when and where proteins are expressed

Question 15

Genomics

Answer 15

the study of the entirety of an organism’s genes (structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes)

Question 16

bioinformatics

Answer 16

the usage of tools to analyze and visualize information associated with biological macromolecules

Question 17

How many valence electrons for carbon?

Answer 17

4

Question 18

Organic chemistry

Answer 18

Study of carbon-containing compounds

Question 19

Carbon atoms are most likely to form covalent bonds with

Answer 19

oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S)

Question 20

Covalent bonds

Answer 20

the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms

Question 21

Valence electrons are

Answer 21

the outermost electron(s)

Question 22

Electron configurations

Answer 22

distribution of electrons in an atom

Question 23

Double bonds and triple bonds involve two atoms sharing two and three pairs of electrons, respectively

Answer 23

two atoms sharing two and three pairs of electrons, respectively

Question 24

Bond energy

Answer 24

the amount of energy required to break 1 mole

Question 25

Polar

Answer 25

Atoms share electrons unequally/does mix with/dissolve in water

Question 26

Non-polar

Answer 26

Atoms share electrons equally/does NOT mix with/dissolve in water

Question 27

Bond energy is

Answer 27

expressed as calories per mole

Question 28

A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1ºC

Answer 28

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1ºC

Question 29

Hydrocarbons are chains or rings composed only of carbon and hydrogen

Answer 29

chains or rings composed only of carbon and hydrogen

Question 30

Which type of atoms are usually part of functional groups

Answer 30

oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur

Question 31

What are the functional groups

Answer 31

Carboxyl and phosphate groups (negatively charged) Amino groups (positively charged) Hydroxyl, sulfhydroxyl, carbonyl, and aldehyde groups (uncharged, but polar)

Question 32

Stereoisomer

Answer 32

Mirror images of two spatial configurations - four atoms bonded to the four corners of a tetrahedron creating

Question 33

Hydrophobic Interaction

Answer 33

the relations between water and hydrophobes

Question 34

Hydrophobes are

Answer 34

nonpolar molecules and usually have a long chain of carbons that do not interact with water molecules

Question 35

Hydrogen Interaction

Answer 35

Hydrogen bonding (weaker than an ionic or covalent bond but stronger than van der Waals)

Question 36

Ionic Interaction

Answer 36

the attraction of ions or molecules with opposite charge

Question 37

The single most abundant component of cells and organisms

Answer 37

Water

Question 38

Is water polar or non-polar?

Answer 38

Polar

Question 39

Is a hydrogen bond attraction or physical

Answer 39

Attraction

Question 40

Characteristics of water

Answer 40

Cohesiveness Temperature-stabilizing capacity Solvent properties

Question 41

Electronegativity

Answer 41

drawing in/attracting electrons

Question 42

Surface tension

Answer 42

the result of the collective strength of vast numbers of hydrogen bonds

Question 43

High specific heat gives water its

Answer 43

temperature-stabilizing capacity

Question 44

Specific heat

Answer 44

the amount of heat a substance must absorb to raise its temperature 1ºC

Question 45

Heat of vaporization is

Answer 45

the amount of energy required to convert 1 gram of liquid into vapor

Question 46

A solvent is

Answer 46

a fluid in which another substance can dissolve

Question 47

A solute is

Answer 47

a substance that dissolves in a solvent

Question 48

Hydrophillic

Answer 48

water-loving

Question 49

Hydrophobic

Answer 49

water-fearing

Question 50

The cellular membrane is

Answer 50

a hydrophobic permeability barrier

Question 51

Amphipathic

Answer 51

Hydrphilic and Hydrophobic

Question 52

Bilayer structure

Answer 52

``` Polar head (Hydrophilic) ------------------ Non polar tails (Hydrophobic) |||||||||||||||||||||||| ``` ``` Non polar tails (Hydrophobic) |||||||||||||||||||||||| Polar head (Hydrophilic) ------------------ ``` = bilayer

Question 53

Macromolecules are made of

Answer 53

ordered arrays of linear polymers

Question 54

Cellular hierarchy

Answer 54

biological molecules and structures are organized into a series of levels, each building on the preceding one

Question 55

The major macromolecular polymers in the cell are

Answer 55

proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides

Question 56

Van der Waals interactions (or forces) are

Answer 56

weak attractions between two atoms that occur only if the atoms are very close to one another and oriented appropriately

Question 57

The principle of self-assembly states

Answer 57

that information needed to specify the folding of macromolecules and their interactions to form complex structures is inherent in the polymers themselves

Question 58

Proteins called molecular chaperones are

Answer 58

sometimes needed to prevent incorrect folding

Question 59

The immediate product of amino acid polymerization is a

Answer 59

polypeptide

Question 60

Hierarchical assembly is

Answer 60

the dependence on subassemblies that act as intermediates of the process of assembly of increasingly complex structures