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Bio 121 > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

Exam #1 (71 cards)

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1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

Anatomy is the study of the body structure

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

Physiology is the study of the function

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3
Q

What is the correct order of structural organization?

A

Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System and Organism

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the body being in a state of balance or equilibrium

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5
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is to reverse a controlled condition, like the regulation of blood pressure

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6
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Positive feedback is to reinforce something that’s already happening, like childbirth and oxytocin

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7
Q

What is the standard anatomical body position?

A

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward

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8
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

towards the front

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9
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

towards the back

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10
Q

Medial

A

towards the midline

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11
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline

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12
Q

Intermediate

A

between lateral and medial

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13
Q

Proximal

A

near point of attachment

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14
Q

Distal

A

further away from the point of attachment

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15
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body

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16
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side of the body

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17
Q

Superficial

A

towards the surface of the body

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18
Q

Deep

A

towards the core of the body

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19
Q

Visceral

A

pertains to the covering of the organ

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20
Q

Parietal

A

pertains to the covering of the cavity

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21
Q

Cranial

A

skull

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22
Q

Cervical

A

neck

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23
Q

Cubital

A

elbow

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24
Q

Carpal

A

wrist

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25
Patellar
front of knee
26
Orbital
eye
27
Thoracic
chest
28
Inguinal
groin
29
Metacarpal
hand/palm
30
Plantar
sole of foot
31
Buccal
cheek
32
Axillary
armpit
33
Femoral
thigh
34
Gluteal
buttock
35
Tarsal
ankle
36
Digital
toes
37
Digital/Phalangeal
Toes or Fingers
38
Sagittal Plane
midline; vertical cut leaves you with right and left
39
Transverse Plane
horizontal cut that leaves you with top and bottom
40
Frontal Plane
coronal; vertical cut that leaves you with an anterior and posterior
41
Oblique Plane
any diagonal cut
42
Thoracic Cavity
Includes pericardial (heart) cavity, pleural (lung) cavity , and mediastinum
43
Ventral Body Cavity
Includes thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
44
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Separated between abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
45
Abdominopelvic Regions
tic-tac-toe grid; 9 regions; Superior in the middle is the Epigastric Region-> right and left is the Hypochondriac Region Inferior to the epigastric is the Umbilical Region-> right and left is the Lumbar Region Inferior to the umbilical is the Hypogastric Region-> right and left is the Inguinal Region
46
What is matter?
anything that has mass and takes up space
47
What is the atomic number?
represents the number of protons in the atom
48
Atomic Mass/Weight
is calculated protons + neutrons to give you the atomic mass
49
Isotope
the same atom that differs in the number of neutrons; like C-12, C-14, C-16
50
Solute v. Solvent
salt (solute) dissolves in water (solvent)
51
Octet Rule
states that the first shell of every atom can occupy a maximum of two electrons, every shell thereafter can occupy a maximum of 8 electrons; in order for an atom to be stable/inert it would have to occupy the maximum number of electrons in the outermost shell
52
Ionic Bond
formed by the giving up or receiving of one electron in the outermost shell
53
Cation
ion loses an electron and becomes more positive
54
Anion
ion gains an electron and becomes more negative
55
Covalent Bond
formed by the sharing of electrons; the strongest of the bonds because you can form a single, double or triple covalent bond
56
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
equal sharing of electrons
57
Polar Covalent Bond
unequal sharing of electrons
58
Hydrogen Bond
weakest bond between covalent and ionic bonds ; formed by the opposite charge attraction
59
Inorganic Compound
do not contain carbon
60
Organic Compound
contain carbon
61
Properties of Water
Water is polar, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, best solvent, and an inorganic compound
62
pH Scale, Acid, and Base
An exponential scale; pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration 7 is a neutral pH the closer you get to 14 = the more alkaline (basic) the closer you get to 0 the more acidic it is
63
Buffer
anything that resists slight increases or decreases in the pH, used to maintain and stabilize pH
64
Monosaccharide
the basic unit of a carbohydrate, a single unit sugar
65
Disaccharide
made up of two monosaccharides
66
Polysaccharide
long chain sugars (when body goes into starvation it utilizes these for energy)
67
Lipids
fats, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, sex hormones, etc.
68
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; double stranded, its sugar/monosaccharide is deoxyribose; its nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine
69
RNA
ribonucleic acid; single stranded, its sugar/monosaccharide is ribose; its nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine
70
Proteins and Structural organization
building block of the body; protein undergoes four levels of structural organization: Primary- when the amino acids line up Secondary-when there's folding ; they form an alphahelix or betapelix sheet Tertiary- the formation of a polypeptide Quaternary-more than one polypeptide forming in terms of the structure
71
What is denaturation?
when a protein fails to go through the four levels of structural organization, protein is in hostile conditions and it loses its structure, things like heat,pH,etc. play an effect on losing the protein structure, think hard boiled egg under high temperate loses its shape

Bio 121 (6 decks)

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