Chapter 1,2,3 Flashcards

(82 cards)

1
Q

What is a microbial community

A

2 or more ppns of cells that coexist and interact in a habitat

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2
Q

What is a culture

A

collection of microbial cells grown using nutrient medium

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3
Q

What is a medium

A

(l) or (s) nutrient mixtures used to grow microorganisms

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4
Q

What is a colony

A

microscopically visible ppn of cells growing on a solid medium ariing from a single cel

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5
Q

Carl Woose

A

Phylogenic tree based on rRna sequences, divide microbes into 3 domains (RNA World)

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6
Q

Stanly Miller

A

produce amino acids and biological cmps in lab

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7
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Disapproved spontaneous generation theory (1800s)

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8
Q

Robert Koch

A

established rules for determining which microbes caused which diseases

but in some cases it is difficult to isolate/culture the suspected pathogen

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9
Q

FtsZ

A

found in plasma membrane for cell division

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10
Q

Does bacteria contain histones?

A

No
they contain histone-like . Topoisomerases
found in Eukarya and Archaea

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11
Q

Endosymbiotic theory says — was the first microbe on earth . Where is the the proof of this found in?(2)

A

Prokaryotes

Proof in mitochondria and chloroplast

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12
Q

How do microbes get energy?

A

Autotroph - produce organic molecules from inorganic materials such as
1. Photoautotroph - light
2. Lithoautotroph - oxidized reduced mineral cmpds
Heterotroph - ingest pre-formed organic molecules

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13
Q

What is a ppn?

A

grp of org of same species in the same place at the same time

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14
Q

What is a ecosystem

A

a dynamic complex of org and their physical environment interacting as a functioning unit

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15
Q

MreB

A

provides structure (rod shape) if not present bacteria is spherical

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16
Q

In plasmids (in Bacteria) what is the purpose of ParM and ParR proteins ?

A

ParM - directs plasmid mvt in rod shaped bacteria (bind to ATP)
ParR - nucleoprotein tht bind to ParM to prevent disassembly

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17
Q

What are the parts that make up the cell envelope of a bacteria?

A

capsule
cell wall
cell membrane

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18
Q

what makes up the cell membrane bilayer

A

phospholipids

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19
Q

What bond is associated with phospholipids in the cell membrane

A

Ester linkages

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20
Q

What is the use of hopanoids in bilayers of some bacteria?

A

temperature stability

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21
Q

Roles of plasma membranes

A

capture E

hold sensory systems

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22
Q

How do items cross the plasma membrane?

A

O2 and CO2 - diffusion

Water - Aquaporins Protein Channels ( osmosis)

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23
Q

Purpose of the cell wall in bacteria and what does it have?

A

shape

and has peptidoglycan aka Murein

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24
Q

Cell wall of bacteria can be damaged by— (3+1)

A

Penicillin - kills cells in a growing state

lysozyme - cleaves backbone of cell wall forming a Protoplast (cell w/out cell wall)

lysostaphin - acts on the cross bridge of some Staphylococcus species only.

b-lactam antibiotics (with beta-lactam ring) - inhibit Ftsl transpeptidation therefore impacting growing org

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25
What happens during antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
Some bacteria produce an enzyme that can destroy beta-lactam ring structure
26
Gram - elicit a inflammatory response
T Gram - elicit a robust inflammatory response in humans due to the Lipid A portion in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Gram + elicit an inflammatory response due to lipoteichoic acids (LTA) in Staphylococcus aureus only
27
when do endospores form in gram + bacteria?
harsh cnds
28
Does the gram + have peptidoglycan layer which has large pores hence nutrients pass easily?
T
29
Once molecules enter the periplasmic space of gram - cells via Porins and Ton B how so molecules move into the cytoplasm?
Via Active Transport
30
How do molecules leave gram - cells' periplasmic space?
use of transfer molecules Autotransporters (type 5 systems) - from periplasm directly to the cytoplasm Type 3 secretion system Flagellar system
31
Flagella arrangements | Monotrichous
single flagellum
32
Flagella arrangements | Lophotrichous
tuft of flagella
33
Flagella arrangements | Amphitrichous
single or multiple flagella extending two ends of the cell
34
Flagella arrangements | Peritrichous
multiple flagella randomly distributed over the entire bacterial cell
35
Flagella arrangements | Atrichous
no flagella
36
What powers the flagella of bacteria?
Proton motive force generates spins (tht create runs and tumbles) no steering
37
What is chemotaxis?
directed movement of an organism toward or away from a chemical gradient
38
Are there any archaeal human pathogens known, if so are there harmful to the human species?
There are no known archaeal human pathogens
39
What are some non-flagellar motility used by bacteria? | 4
Gliding motility Twitching motility pili holdfast - extension of cell envelope wc also increases S/A and for nutrition
40
Function of the pili/pilus
adhesive pili = fimbriae | or sex pilus for conjugation
41
where do you find gram cells in bacteria?
cell wall
42
first archaeons were Methanogens?
T | originally called Archaebacteria
43
Archaea and Eukarya branched off from bacteria?
T | histone development may have been the branched point
44
many groups of archaea are --
Extremophiles
45
differences in histones btw Eukarya and Archaea
Eukarya longer DNA length (160 nucleotide) Bigger octamer of histone Archaea shorter DNA length (60 nucleotide) smaller tetramer of histone
46
Is the nucleus of archaea membrane bound
No | just like in bacteria
47
Archaea has two distinct types of plasma membranes in different archeons
T Monolayer Plasma membrane - Biphytanyl tails and glycerol-1-phosphate (more stable and joined by Ether linkages) seen in Extremophiles Bilayer - Phytanyl (side chains) and glycerol-1-phosphate ( joined by Ether linkages)
48
Does all Archaea have cell walls
F
49
Do lysosomes attack Archaeon cell walls
f bcoZ of the NAG-NAT (BETA-1,3 LINKAGE) bacteria has NAG-NAM LINKAGES wc are attacked by lysosomes
50
differences in flagella in bacteria and archaea
Archaea Flagella - thinner/solid/composed of 2 versions/ used as attachments & mobility/grows form base (cytoplasm) not from the tip Bacteria grows from tip out
51
how do halophiles deal with the osmotic shock and loss of water ?
High intracellular K+ offsets high extracellular Na+ therefore ions balance out , thus no net gain or loss of h2o
52
high intracellular K+ can cause denaturing of proteins and split dsDNA in halophiles
T
53
Halobacterium uses chlorophyll or an electron transport chain to produce E?
F
54
Which domain of life uses Bacteriorhodopsin to harness light E and produce a proton motive force that generates ATP
Archaea - Halobacterium
55
Do methanogens require O2 for growth
F | they are strict Anaerobes
56
What are facultative aerobes
A facultative anaerobe is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.
57
What are obligate aerobes
An obligate aerobe cannot make ATP in the absence of oxygen
58
What are obligate anaerobes
obligate anaerobes die in the presence of oxygen
59
Alessandro Volta discovered
methane
60
what is an example of an obligate parasite (archaea)
Nanoarchaeum is an obligate parasite of Ignicoccus | relies on Nanoarchaeum for E/biosynthesis.
61
what is a Aminochondriate
Eukaryote w/out mitochondrial organelle contain hydrogenosome - double membrane remnant of mitochondria/ produce H2 during anaerobic synthesis
62
do all eukaryotes have mitochondrial organelles
F
63
Flagella of eurkaya is powered by
E from ATP hydrolysis
64
Eurkaya has liner or circular chromosomes?
liner
65
Bacteria and chloroplast and mitochondria have circular or linear chromosomes ?
circular
66
Archaea has circular or linear chromosome?
single, Circular
67
Characteristics of Giardia lamblia
``` It is a Eukaryal microbe From the genus Protozoa genetically old lacks mitochondria cause human disease ```
68
Flelix D'Herelle
discovered bacteriophages coined the term "plaque"
69
Viruses are acellular
T
70
Do viruses contain ribosomes
F
71
Is a virus a intracellular obligate parasite
T
72
Is a virus dsDNA or dsRNA
both ds/ssDNA and ds/ssRNA (linear and circular)
73
Are all viruses small
F | some exceptions
74
capsids in viruses are what shape
icosahedral and helical or irregular or complex
75
Do viruses all have a Viral envelope
F some are naked (no plasma membrane) poliovirus some are enveloped with a plasma membrane surrounding the nucleocapsid HIV/influenza
76
can a virus enter a plant cell
Only if the plant cell has an open spot on the cell wall
77
Virus found in tree of life
F
78
Virus posses own genome
T | therefore independent of host's genome
79
Are viruses cells
F
80
What is a virion
A virion is an entire virus particle consisting of an outer protein shell called a capsid and an inner core of nucleic acid (either ribonucleic or deoxyribonucleic acid—RNA or DNA).
81
Once inside the host cell, a viral genome orchestrates one of two quite different events.
1. lytic pathway (replication and destroying host cell)- virus may replicate and destroy the host in a virulent infection Phage enters → Replicates → lyse host cell with mature phage 2. lysogenic infection the host cell is not destroyed, and the viral genome becomes part of the host genome and replicates Phage genome →into host cell → Phage genome replicates along with hosts
82
What inhibits the growth of the Gram positive bacteria in MacConkey agar?
Crystal violet dye and bile salts halt the growth of gram-positive bacteria