Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Concerns those processes that five behavior its energy and direction.

Question 2

Motive

Answer 2

Persons internal dispostion to approach positive incentive and negative incentive.

Question 3

Incentive

Answer 3

Anticipated reward or adverse events in the environment. (External)

Question 4

Push-Pull Metaphor

Answer 4

Motivated behavior results from a person being pushed and pulled toward some end state.

Question 5

Emotion

Answer 5

a universal functional reaction to an external stimulus event, temporarily integrating physiological, cognitive phenomena, logical, and behavioral channels that facilitate fitness enhancing environment. (Shaping responses to the current situation.

Question 6

Consummatory behavior

Answer 6

You are indulging in the goal.

Question 7

Cognitive Motivation

Answer 7

(Pull method) Works by visualizing an end-state as a goal and executing a plan or following a script in order to achieve that goal.

Question 8

Anticipatory behavior

Answer 8

(Pull Method) imaginary response. (visualizing eating or drinking)

Question 9

Affective forecasting

Answer 9

(Pull Method) Anticipation how we will feel, or effect.

Question 10

Choice

Answer 10

The selection of the motive or incentive at anytime.

Question 11

Instrumental behaviors

Answer 11

Those motivated activities in which a person engages to satisfy a motive.

Question 12

Auxillary Assumptions about motivation.

Answer 12

Behavior may not occur if assumptions are not met.

Question 13

Energy for motivation

Answer 13

to be moved to behavior or think assumes energy.

Question 14

Cathexis

Answer 14

Accumulation of energy within the brain’s neurons as hypothesized by Freud.

Question 15

Adaption energy

Answer 15

Hans Selye - assumed the body possessed a certain amount of adaptation energy that can be used to overcome stress.

Question 16

Self regulation/Self control

Answer 16

Refers to the ability to control the effects that a person’s emotions and impulses have on her or his behavior.

Question 17

Processing resources

Answer 17

Capacities that allow the mind to carry out operations that are necessary for the motivation of behavior.

Question 18

Physical Energy

Answer 18

Glucose- powers the brain and muscles.

Question 19

Competence

Answer 19

Being capable of performing the behavior necessary to achieve a desired effect.

Question 20

Internal Sources

Answer 20

A persons biological states and psychological dispositions determine what will be motivating.

Question 21

Biological variable

Answer 21

material characteristics of the body and brain that serve to motivate behavior.

Question 22

Ghrelin

Answer 22

Hormone that is released in the stomach and promotes hunger and eating.

Question 23

Psychological variables-

Answer 23

Motives - are studied indirectly through measurable indicators.

Question 24

Reductionism

Answer 24

The minds mental processes can be reduced to the activity of nuerons in the brain.

Question 25

Emergence

Answer 25

Brains neuronal activity issues for the mental processes-that is the mind in an emergent property of the brain.

Question 26

Environmental variables

Answer 26

Refer to those characteristics of incentives and goals that have the ability to attract or repel.

Question 27

Evolutionary History

Answer 27

The effects of millions of years of natural selection in shaping motives and emotions that aided survivval of the individual and the species.

Question 28

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 28

Attempts to understand currect human behavior by relating it to our evolutionary past.

Question 29

Personal History

Answer 29

An individuals experience from conception to present.

Question 30

Individual differences

Answer 30

The study of motivation involves the search for general laws of behavior that apply to all humans.

Question 31

Internal State

Answer 31

An individuals feelings (hunger-sleep)

Question 32

Emotions

Answer 32

Distinct feelings that motivate behaviors (Move Out) Fear anxiety

Question 33

Experimental variable

Answer 33

Is the one manipulated by the experimenter to create different levels or values.

Question 34

Correlation variable

Answer 34

Contains levels that are measured but not created by the experimenter

Question 35

Dependent variable

Answer 35

refers to behavior that depends on the experimental variable.

Question 36

Aristotle

Answer 36

Theory of 4 causes. Efficent. Final, Formal, and material.

Question 37

Hedonism

Answer 37

Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance

Question 38

Socrates

Answer 38

Pleasure exceeds pain.

Question 39

Democritis

Answer 39

Stive for pleasure. Avoid pain.

Question 40

Epicurus

Answer 40

Wait for greater pleasures.

Question 41

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 41

Incentive motivation

Question 42

John Locke

Answer 42

Greater good

Question 43

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 43

Servants of pain and pleasure

Question 44

Principle of utility

Answer 44

Idea that our actions are determined by whether they decrease or increase our happiness.

Question 45

Freud

Answer 45

Pleasure principle. Reality principle.

Question 46

Edward Lee Thorndike

Answer 46

Pain and pleasure motivate behavior when those feelings reach our awareness.

Question 47

Herbert Spencer

Answer 47

Strive to bring feelings of pleasure into conciousness while also trying to drive out feelings of pain

Question 48

Law of effect

Answer 48

Cat escaped because of satisfaction that resulted from escaping, whereas remaining in the box was associated with less satisfaction

Question 49

John Watson

Answer 49

Introduced Behaviorism

Question 50

WoodWorth

Answer 50

Dynamic psychology. = Drive

Question 51

Tolman and Honzik

Answer 51

Cognnitive map and lantent learning