Chapter 4

Question 1

Addictive behaviors

Answer 1

compulsive and provide short term pleasure at the expense of more severe and long term negative consequences

Question 2

Characteristics of drug and behavior addiction or dependence

Answer 2

Mood modification. Salience. Tolerance. Compulsive use. Relapse

Question 3

Mood modification

Answer 3

Drug or activity alters a person’s subjective experience. It increases pleasure (euphoria) or relieves negative feelings (dysphoria)

Question 4

Salience

Answer 4

Drug or activity is most important in persons life. It is felt as craving and dominates a persons thinkings, feelings, and behavior

Question 5

Tolerance

Answer 5

Individual requires increasing amounts of the drug or behavior in order to achieve the same mood modifications effects as earlier

Question 6

Withdrawal

Answer 6

Abstaining from the drug or behavior produces unpleasant feelings of unpleasant physical symptoms

Question 7

Compulsive use

Answer 7

The person continues drug use or activity despite knowledge of negative consequences on family, job, social life, health, finances, and lawful behavior.

Question 8

Relapse

Answer 8

After abstince from drug use or activities, the person can easily return to ealier patterns of drug use or addictive behaviors.

Question 9

Phychoactive drugs

Answer 9

chemicAL SUBSTANCE THAT ALTERS A PERSONS MOOD AND BEHAVIOR AS A RESULT OF THE DRUGS EFFECT on the function of the brain.

Question 10

Caffeine

Answer 10

Most widely consumed psychoactyive substance in the world

Question 11

Alcohol

Answer 11

Ethanol

Question 12

Psychotherapeutics

Answer 12

Drugs are obtained by prescription for legitimate medical relief

Question 13

Cocaine

Answer 13

Coca paste

Question 14

Craving

Answer 14

which is the overpowering uncontrollable urge for the drug the person is using.

Question 15

Koob and Le Moal 2008

Answer 15

craving as a memory of the rewarding effects of a drug superimposed on a negative emotional state.

Question 16

Behavioral genetics

Answer 16

based on the assumption that drugs have their effects on structures in the brain

Question 17

Impulsiveness

Answer 17

personality trait associate with psychoactive drug. Heightened sensitivity too rewards and lack of foresight and planning

Question 18

Phermones

Answer 18

a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.

Question 19

CCR

Answer 19

Evoke conditioned responses that are the opposite of drug-unconditioned responses.

Question 20

UCR

Answer 20

Morphine sensitivity to pain

Question 21

CR

Answer 21

Conditioned response opposite of UCR

Question 22

CS

Answer 22

Place associated with drug

Question 23

Liability

Answer 23

likelihood of becoming an alcoholic

Question 24

Opponent process theory

Answer 24

Intial pleasureable reaction to a drug is held in check by an opponent process or drug-opposite effect characterized by dysphoria and withdrawal

Question 25

Incentive sensitization theory

Answer 25

emphasizes that individuals are motivated by a drugs incentive value not by its hedonic value

Question 26

Antagonists

Answer 26

Substances capable of blocking the pleasurable effects of a psychoactive drug.

Question 27

Priming

Answer 27

the development of cravings whether by being exposed to the drug itself or to stimuli associated with the drug

Question 28

What drugs are university students more likely to use?

Answer 28

Alcohol and cigs

Question 29

What substances or behaviors are hereditable

Answer 29

All drugs and gambling and caffeine

Question 30

Sensation seekers

Answer 30

a trait that is associated with seeking varied, intense, and novel sensations and the willingness to take various risks to experience those sensations

Question 31

Disinhibition

Answer 31

reduced social restraint, which is associated with the tendency to party, gamble, and engage in sexual activities

Question 32

Two components of impulsiveness

Answer 32

Heightened sensitivity to rewards and lack of foresight and planning

Question 33

Where do the action of psychoactive drugs occur at

Answer 33

synapse

Question 34

Mesolimbic dopamine system

Answer 34

reward system

Question 35

2 characteristics of mesolimbic dopamine system

Answer 35

composed of neurons deep in the brain that connect different sites like nucleus acumbens and ventral tegmntal area. Interact with several suspected neurotransmitters durinmg stimulation of neurons in critical regions of the mesolimbic dopamine systems

Question 36

How do cocain and amphetamine work in brain

Answer 36

blocking the reuptake of dopamine back into neurons located in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 37

Classical conditioning

Answer 37

conditioned response and the unconditioned response are usually the same.

Question 38

2 hormones released when stressed

Answer 38

Adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisol

Question 39

Motivation for change

Answer 39

Interplay between cognition and addiction