Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

Machine Level 4

Answer 1

High-Level Language - application oriented languages which are compiled into assembly language

Ex: C++, Java

Question 2

Machine Level 3

Answer 2

Assembly Language

• instruction mnemonics that have one-to-one correspondence to machine language
• Translated into ISA (level 2)

Question 3

Machine Level 2

Answer 3

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

• AKA conventional machine language
• executed by level 1

Question 4

Machine Level 1

Answer 4

Digital Logic

• CPU, system bus, memory
• • all it does at hardware level is adding and comparing

Question 5

MSB

Answer 5

Most Significant Bit

• leftmost bit
• in a byte, bit 15

Question 6

LSB

Answer 6

Least significant bit

• rightmost bit
• bit 0

Question 7

What indicates that a number is negative?

Answer 7

The highest bit is turned on

Question 8

Binary Subtraction

Answer 8

Convert number to be subtracted to two’s complement (AKA additive inverse) and add

Flip the bits, add 1

Question 9

Boolean Operators

Answer 9

NOT (weird L rotated 90 degrees)
AND ^
OR v

Question 10

Boolean Operator Precedence

Answer 10

1. NOT
2. AND & OR

Use () to change precedence

Question 11

Control Unit (CU)

Answer 11

• Part of the CPU

- Acts like a traffic cop, directing

Question 12

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Answer 12

• Part of the CPU

- Performs arithmetic

Question 13

Clock

Answer 13

• Part of the CPU

- Synchronizes CPU operations

Question 14

Bus

Answer 14

Set of connections that connects CPU to some other component on the motherboard

Question 15

Data Bus

Answer 15

How memory is transported

Question 16

Instruction Execution Cycle

Answer 16

1. Fetch (brings data/instruction to CPU)
2. Decode (sets it up to do something)
3. Fetch operands
4. Execute
5. Store output

Question 17

Cache

Answer 17

High speed memory location

Level 1: inside the CPU

Level 2: outside the CPU

Question 18

Modes of Operation

Answer 18

1. Protected mode - native mode (Windows, Linux)
2. Real-address mode - native MS-DOS
3. System management mode - power management, system security, diagnostics
4. Virtual-8086 mode - hybrid of protected

Question 19

EAX

Answer 19

Accumulator

Question 20

ECX

Answer 20

Loop counter

Question 21

ESP

Answer 21

Stack pointer

Question 22

ESI, EDI

Answer 22

Index registers

Question 23

EBP

Answer 23

Base pointer / frame pointer

Holds the base address of the stack frame

Question 24

CS

Answer 24

Code segment

Question 25

DS

Answer 25

Data segment

Question 26

SS

Answer 26

Stack segment

Question 27

EIP

Answer 27

Instruction pointer

Question 28

EFLAGS

Answer 28

Status and control flags

Question 29

Carry Flag

Answer 29

Set when unsigned value is out of range

Question 30

Overflow Flag

Answer 30

Set when signed value is out of range

Question 31

Sign Flag

Answer 31

Set when destination is negative

Question 32

Zero Flag

Answer 32

Set when destination is 0

Question 33

I/O Level 1

Answer 33

BIOS - drivers that communicate directly with devices

Question 34

I/O Level 2

Answer 34

OS function

Question 35

I/O Level 3

Answer 35

Library - high-level language function Ex: C++, Java

Question 36

I/O Level 0

Answer 36

Hardware