Chapter 1-2

Question 1

Mean

Answer 1

where the ave of the score are

Question 2

Mean Squares

Answer 2

the average distance of all the points added up - then square it

Question 3

Z-score

Answer 3

how many SD you are away from the mean

measurement of how far away you are from the mean

Question 4

Median

Answer 4

middle number

Question 5

Mode

Answer 5

the one that happens the most

Question 6

Standard Deviation

Answer 6

spread of data around the mean
small -close to mean
big - further away
0 - same as mean

Question 7

Variance

Answer 7

to calculate variance: { (xi - mean)^2 / (N-1)

a variance is: the average amount each score is away from the mean

Question 8

Sum of Squares (SS)

Answer 8

total deviance of the mean all added together and squared it

total number of distance from mean

Question 9

Deviance

Answer 9

how far away from the mean

Question 10

Validity

Answer 10

Test measure what it is set out to measure

Question 11

Reliability

Answer 11

||: exp - get sim. results

Question 12

P-value

Answer 12

probability that the cause was random

Question 13

Dependent variable

Answer 13

Outcome variable

thing that changed based on other things

Question 14

independent variable

Answer 14

predictor variable

the thing you mess with

Question 15

Confounding variable

Answer 15

the other things that could be influencing results

Question 16

Counterbalancing

Answer 16

order of steps in exp, do all orders to get real results

Question 17

Frequency distribution

Answer 17

how often scores appear and where in the graph

Question 18

interquartile range

Answer 18

cut data into 4 pieces, distance inside middle area

Question 19

Kurtosis

Answer 19

measures how much score cluster happens in an area

Question 20

Leptokurtic

Answer 20

Positive kurtosis too peaked

Question 21

Measurement error

Answer 21

your results vs. real results

Question 22

Negative skew

Answer 22

Tail is on the left

Question 23

Nominal variable

Answer 23

s on jerseys (don’t mean order)

Question 24

Ordinal variable

Answer 24

order: medals

Question 25

Outcome variable

Answer 25

Dependent

Question 26

Platykurtic

Answer 26

Flat

Question 27

Positive skew

Answer 27

Tail is to the right

Question 28

Skew

Answer 28

tails exist

Question 29

Systematic variation

Answer 29

what we tested as the cause was the cause

Question 30

Tertium quid

Answer 30

the unseen hand -

Question 31

Variables

Answer 31

anything that changes

Question 32

A-level (alpha symbol)

Answer 32

The probability of thinking that something happened when it didn't

Question 33

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 33

Experimental hypothesis

Question 34

B-level (beta symbol)

Answer 34

The probability thinking something didn't happen when it did.

Question 35

Confidence interval

Answer 35

where we think the pop. value will fall - it's a percent

Question 36

Degrees of freedom

Answer 36

n-1

Question 37

Deviance

Answer 37

the difference between each score and the mean

Question 38

Experimental hypothesis

Answer 38

alternative hypothesis

Question 39

Linear model

Answer 39

This equation has a straight line.

Question 40

Null hypothesis

Answer 40

The reverse of the experimental hypothesis - no, you're wrong, the other thing

Question 41

Standard error of the mean (SE)

Answer 41

difference between your actual score and what the model predicted - figure out each one, add em together, then square it

Question 42

Type I error

Answer 42

think something happened, it didn't

Question 43

Type II error

Answer 43

thinking something didn't happen, but no

Question 44

Calculate the Z-score

Answer 44

z= (data point score - mean) / standard deviation

Question 45

Calculate the Standard Deviation

Answer 45

the square root of the variance variance is the average dispersion of the scores from the mean (don't forget to -1) to calculate variance: { (xi - mean)^2 / (N-1) to calculate SD: variance then square root the variation number

Question 46

If the score on the test has a mean of 26 and a standard deviation of 4 what is the z score for 18

Answer 46

``` z = (data point score - mean) / SD z= 18-26 / 4 z = -2 (SD from 0) data point is below ```