chapter 1-2 test 1

Question 1

Geology

Answer 1

The study of the earth

Question 2

Catastrophism

Answer 2

earths landscape is shaped by catastrophes over short period of time (17th and 18th century)

Question 3

Uniformitanism

Answer 3

Earths landscape occurred over many years in cycles- natural world is predictable.

Question 4

Law of Superposition

Answer 4

Law that the youngest layers of rocks are on the top with the older beneath them.

Question 5

Principles of Fossil Sucession

Answer 5

fossilized organisms succeed each other one where they are found. Higher in the sediment is younger, lower is older.

Question 6

How old is earth?

Answer 6

4.6 billion years old

Question 7

How old is the universe?

Answer 7

13.8 billion years old

Question 8

Archaeological Geology

Answer 8

Buildings, pottery, strutures

Question 9

Forensic Geology

Answer 9

murders

Question 10

Geomorphology

Answer 10

earths surface

Question 11

hydrogeology

Answer 11

Study of groundwater

Question 12

paleoclimatology

Answer 12

study of prehistoric climate

Question 13

paleontology

Answer 13

study of fossils

Question 14

seismology

Answer 14

study of earthquakes

Question 15

volcanology

Answer 15

volcanos

Question 16

James Hutton

Answer 16

Founder of Modern geology. Author of Theory of Earth… in 1795. basically came up with the rock cycle idea.

Question 17

Relative Dating

Answer 17

no specific time. Just dating based on knowing if one thing is older than another and comparing

Question 18

Metomorphic

Answer 18

rock undergoes a change from heat or pressure

Question 19

Igneous

Answer 19

magma cooling/crystalizing

Question 20

sedimentary

Answer 20

sediments cementing and hardening, through lithification

Question 21

crust

Answer 21

low density. continental crust, and oceanic crust.

Question 22

oceanic crust

Answer 22

thinner, basalt

Question 23

continental crust

Answer 23

thicker, granite

Question 24

layers of the earth by composition. 3

Answer 24

crust, mantle, core

Question 25

mantle

Answer 25

high density

Question 26

core

Answer 26

iron and nickle

Question 27

layers of the earth. 5

Answer 27

lithosphere: solid and rigid asthenosphere: solid but mobile lower mantle: solid outer core: liquid inner core: solid

Question 28

mountain belts

Answer 28

active mountains typically along continental margins

Question 29

Mid Ocean Ridge. M.O.R.

Answer 29

atlantic ocean has igneous and basalt most prominent goes around the earth all under water, 43,000 miles magma rises out of the ridge generating more sea floor a mountain more than one mile high.

Question 30

divergent boundary

Answer 30

two plates move apart

Question 31

convergent boundary

Answer 31

plate come together and one subducts

Question 32

subduciton

Answer 32

one plate sinks under the other. when it sinks it causes heat which causes volcanoes. with trenches right next to it.

Question 33

transformation boundary (strike/slip fault)

Answer 33

plates slide past eachother. example: san andreas

Question 34

Alfred Wagner

Answer 34

first proposed that plates were moving. He did not know why they moved so no one believed him.

Question 35

Till

Answer 35

sediments left behind by a glacier

Question 36

tillite

Answer 36

when sediments of till are deposited by a glacier, cement and become one. example: long island

Question 37

Henry Hess

Answer 37

used sonar from WW1 and WW2 to help him study and map the sea floor. He found that the sea floor was spreading therefore because the earth is not growing it must be going somewhere.

Question 38

volcanic arc

Answer 38

arc of volcanoes on land

Question 39

islandic arc

Answer 39

island chain of volcanoes. example: Aleutian islands

Question 40

Proofs of Techtonic plates moving

Answer 40

- drilling into ocean floor - hot spots and mantle plumes - paleomagnetism - measuring plate motion