Chapter 1

Question 1

Drug (Dorland)

Answer 1

chemical compound used on or administered to humans/animals as an aid in diagnosis/treatment/prevention of a disease/abnormal condition for relief of pain or suffering OR to control or improve any physiologic or pathologic condition

Question 2

Drug (others)

Answer 2

chemical substance that affects biologic systems

Question 3

Minerals, herbs, vitamins and amino acids

Answer 3

have pharmacologic effects on the body, by law they are not classified as drugs

Question 4

Food and Drug Administration

Answer 4

FDA

Question 5

Pharmacologist

Answer 5

studies and develops drugs

Question 6

Hives

Answer 6

an example of an allergic response to drugs

Question 7

allergy

Answer 7

an allergic response to a drug

Question 8

side effects

Answer 8

predictable responses to drugs that act on nontarget organs

Question 9

life-long learning

Answer 9

appropriate reference sources should be available and consulted

Question 10

foundation knowledge

Answer 10

body of information relied upon for decisions that surround performing the competency

Question 11

knowledge of pharmacology to perform:

Answer 11

obtaining a health history; administering drugs in the office; handling emergency situations; planning appointments; nonprescription medications; nutritional or herbal supplements; discussing drugs

Question 12

proprietary names

Answer 12

aka trade names

Question 13

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

Answer 13

drug group that relieves pain and reduces inflammation; not corticosteroids

Question 14

generic drug

Answer 14

nonproprietary name (not trade name)

Question 15

therapeutic indexes

Answer 15

LD50/ED50; used to compare safety of drugs

Question 16

pharmacokinetic

Answer 16

movement of a drug within the body

Question 17

contraindications

Answer 17

an aspect of a patient’s condition that makes the use of a certain drug or therapy an unwise or dangerous decision

Question 18

barbiturates

Answer 18

group of sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce activity in the brain; are habit-forming and possibly fatal when taken with alcohol

Question 19

LO: #1 history and relationship to oral health care provider

Answer 19

Humans noticed that ingesting certain plants altered body functions or awareness; first pharmacologist was a person who became more astute in observing and remembering which plant products produced predictable results; agents-useful-prescribed and dispensed-dentistry-dentists (for dental problems)

Question 20

LO: #2 drugs, named and significance

Answer 20

chemical name- determined by its chemical structure; code name - combination of letters and numbers, much easier to speak and write; trade name (capitalized) - usually chosen so that it can be easily remembered and promoted commercially, registered as a trademark; brand name - technically name of company marketing the product; generic name - “official” name of the drug (only one generic name; not capitalized); naming multiple-entity drugs is difficult because of several ingredients

Question 21

LO: #3 acts and agencies to regulate drugs

Answer 21

Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 - regulates use of opium, opiates, and cocaine and marijuana added in 1937; FDA grants approval so that drugs can be marketed in the US; Federal Trade Commission regulates trade practices of drug companies and prohibits false advertising of foods, nonprescription drugs and cosmetics; Drug Enforcement Administration regulates substances that have a potential for abuse, including opioids, stimulants and sedatives; Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act mandates that pharmacists must provide patient counseling and prospective drug utilization review for Medicaid patients (some do ALL patients)

Question 22

LO: #4 four phases

Answer 22

PHASES of human studies: 1. small and then increasing doses to limited number of healthy humans to determine safety - biologic effects, metabolism, safe dose range, toxic effects. 2. larger groups and any adverse reactions are reported - to test effectiveness. 3. large number of patients who have the condition for which drug is indicated - both safety and efficacy must be demonstrate and dosage is determined. 4. postmarketing surveillance - toxicity of drug occurring in patients taking the drug after it is release is recorded - removed from market if phase 4 shows serious toxicity

Question 23

LO: #4 five schedules

Answer 23

I -- Highest abuse potential
II -- High abuse potential
III -- Moderate abuse potential
IV -- Less abuse potential
V -- Least abuse potential

Question 24

LO: #5 Elements of drug prescription

Answer 24

Heading - name, address, and telephone # of prescriber (printed) and name, address, age, and telephone # of patient (written) and date of prescription;
Body - The Rx symbol, name and dose size or concentration of the drug, amount to be dispensed, and directions to the patient;
Closing - prescriber’s signature, DEA number if required, and refill instructions

Question 25

Dentist can legally write prescription if:

Answer 25

person for whom prescription is written is a patient of record and has the dental condition for which it is being prescribed

Question 26

Chemically equivalent

Answer 26

two formulations of a drug meet chemical and physical standards established by regulatory agencies

Question 27

biologically equivalent

Answer 27

two formulations produce similar concentrations of drug in the blood and tissues

Question 28

therapeutically equivalent

Answer 28

prove to have an equal therapeutic effect in a clinical trial

Question 29

Each drug has only ___ generic name but may have ______ Trade names

Answer 29

Each drug has only one generic name but may have several Trade names

Question 30

After 17 years, the patent companies can market the same compound under a generic name.

Answer 30

VS The trade name is protected by the Federal Patent Law for 20 years from the earliest claimed filing date, plus patent term extensions.