Chapter 1 Flashcards
(107 cards)
Characteristics of life include:
cellular structure, growth and development, self-regulated metabolism, response to stimuli, and reproduction.
Basic themes of biology include
evolution, information transfer, and energy transfer.
Biological organization include:
is hierarchical and includes chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels.
ecological organization includes:
population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels.
Information transfer includes:
DNA transfer of infor-mation from one generation to the next; chemical and electrical signals within and among the cells of every organism; and chemicals, visual displays, and sounds that allow organisms to communicate with one another and to interact with their environment.
Individual organisms and entire ecosystems depend:
on a continuous input of energy. Energy is transferred within cells and from one organism to another.
Evolution:
is the process by which populations of or-ganisms change over time, adapting to changes in their en-vironment; the tree of life includes three major branches, or domains. It is also a fundamental unifying concept of biology.
Cientific procees that asks questions, develop hypotheses, make predictions, and collect data by careful observation and ex-periment; based on their results, they come to conclusions:
Cientific method.
The way populations of organisms have evolved through time from earlier forms of life is a form of:
Evolution.
Information must be transmitt ed within organisms and among organisms, and organisms must be able to receive information from their environment. Th e survival and function of every cell and every organism de-pend on the orderly:
transmission of information. ( Information transfer)
Energy transfer:
life processes, including thousands of chemical transactions that maintain life’s organization, require a continuous input of energy. Most of the energy for life comes from sunlight. Energy from the sun is transferred through living systems from producers to consumers; decomposers obtain energy as they feed on the dead bodies and wastes of both producers and consumers. Energy is also continuously transferred from one chemical compound to another within every cell.
The Basic characteristica of living things are:
a precise kind of organization, growth and development, self-regulated metabolism, the ability to respond to stimuli, repro-duction, and adaptation to environmental change.
producers to consumers; decomposers are:
The three types of living organisms and their processes to obtain energy.
cells:
basic units
cell theory:
New cells are formed only by the division of previously existing cells.
uni-cellular organisms:
Meaning that each consists of a single cell. In contrast, the body of a dog or a maple tree is made of billions of cells.
multicellular:
Complex organisms such as plants, humans and animals.
Plasma membrane:
Separates the cell from the surrounding external environment. Regulates passage of materials between the cell and its environment.
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid.
organelles:
internal structures of the cell
Prokaryotic cells:
Are exclusive to bacteria and to microscopic organisms called archaea.
These cells typically contain a variety of organelles enclosed by membranes, including a nucleus, which houses DNA.
Eukaryotic cells.
cells that are structurally simpler; they do not have a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.
Prokariotic cells.
involves an increase in the size of individual cells of an organism.
Biological growth.