Chapter 1

Question 0

What are some statistics of Increasing population growth and declining human well-being?

Answer 0

Population growth: 80 Mil per year

• 2013-over 7.1 Billion
• 2050-could be 9.3 Billion
• 2200-10 billion

Question 1

What are Four Global trends that are of particular concern?

Answer 1

1) Increasing Population Growth and Declining Human Well-Being
2) A decline of vital ecosystem services
3) The negative impacts of global atmospheric changes
4) A loss of biodiversity

Question 2

All UN member countries adopted a set of goals to reduce poverty and it’s effects on human well-being

Answer 2

Millennium Goals

Question 3

What are 4 Indicators of Decline of Vital Ecosystems?

Answer 3

• Depleted Water Supplies
• Degraded Agricultural Soil
• Overfishing
• Forests cut faster than they grow

Question 4

The natural and managed ecosystems that provide essential goods and services to human enterprises.

Answer 4

Ecosystem Capital

Question 5

3 types of goods and services

Answer 5

1)PROVISIONING Services:goods like food and fuel
(timber,fiber,crops,livestock,wild foods,etc.)
2)REGULATING Services:processes like flood protection(erosion pro.)
3)CULTURAL Services:Nonmaterial benefits like Recreation.

Question 6

Goods

Answer 6

Freshwater,all of our foods,much of our fuel,wood for lumber and paper,leather,furs,raw materials for fabric,oils and alcohol,etc.

Question 7

Services

Answer 7

Support human life and economic well-being,such as the breakdown of wastes,regulation of the climate,erosion control,pest management,crucial nutrient cycles.

Question 8

Took 4 years to compile information about the ecosystem around the globe.Scientists found widespread abuse and overexploitation of ecosystem resources

Answer 8

Millennium Ecosystems Assessment

Question 9

Global Warming trend since 1958 correlates with the emissions of CO2

Answer 9

280 ppm-1990,395 ppm-2012

Greenhouse effect-increase in the temperature caused by Co2 and other gases to trap heat.

Question 10

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases

Answer 10

Due to human activity

Question 11

What is an unavoidable by-product of burning fossil fuels?

Answer 11

CO2

Fossil Fuels-like crude oil,coal,and natural gas

Question 12

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)

Answer 12

-responsibility to report it’s Assessment on climate change at 5-year intervals.

Question 13

The Fourth Assessment Report (FAR)

Answer 13

-produces convincing evidence of human-induced climate change

Question 14

Montreal Protocol (1987)

Answer 14

-aimed at curbing pollution from the release of
chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants into the atmosphere

Question 15

Kyoto Protocol

Answer 15

• 166 nations met in Kyoto Japan in December 1997
• Treaty was ratified in 2004 to reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases
• US-biggest emitter

Question 16

What is Biodiversity and what significance does it serve?

Answer 16

They variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes of which they are apart

• It’s the mainstay of Agriculture Crops and Medicine
• Critical Factor in maintaining the stability of natural systems
• Enabling them to recover after disturbances

Question 17

What are 3 Contributors of Loss of Biodiversity?

Answer 17

• Habitat Alteration
• Pollution
• Exploitation

Question 18

What is the study of how the world works? It is the most multidisciplinary of all the sciences.

Answer 18

Environmental Science

Question 19

What are the Cumulative Impacts?

Answer 19

Doing too much of one activity

Question 20

What are the Un-intended Consequences ?

Answer 20

Not paying attention how the world works

Question 21

What is the movement that is marked by increasing awareness of the environment. It has been so successful that Congress created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 and passed numerous laws promoting pollution control and wildlife protection?

Answer 21

The Environmental Movement

Question 22

What are persons and organizations with a strong focus on environmental concerns?

Answer 22

Environmentalists

Question 23

What is a term used to refer to the widespread development of the environmental movement?

Answer 23

Environmentalism

Question 24

What are the Strategic themes of how we should conceptualize our task of forging a sustainable future?

Answer 24

- Sound Science - Stewardship - Sustainability

Question 25

What is the basis for our understanding of how the world works and how human systems interact with it?

Answer 25

Sound Science

Question 27

What are the the actions and programs that manage natural resources and human well-being for the common good?

Answer 27

Stewardship

Question 28

What are the four basic assumptions of the scientific method?

Answer 28

1) What we perceive with our 5 senses represents an objective reality 2) This objective reality functions according to certain basic principles and natural laws that remain consistent. 3) Every result has a cause and every event in turn will cause other events. 4) Through our powers of observation, manipulation, and reason, we can discover and understand the basic principles and natural laws by which the universe functions.

Question 29

What is the sequence of the Scientific Method?

Answer 29

- observations - hypothesis - test - conclusion

Question 30

What is the foundation of all science and scientific discovery?

Answer 30

Observation

Question 31

What are things or events that have been confirmed by more than one observer and remain open to be reconfirmed by additional people?

Answer 31

Facts

Question 32

What sets up situations to make systemic observations regarding causes and effects?

Answer 32

Experimentation

Question 33

A hypothesis becomes a _____only after much testing and confirmation.

Answer 33

Theory

Question 34

Is then tested through observation or experimentation. This tentatively explains how observations are related.

Answer 34

Hypothesis

Question 35

What is logically consistent with all observations, can suggest or predict certain events, and represents a valid interpretation of reality?

Answer 35

Theory

Question 36

The second assumption underlying science: the universe functions according to certain basic principles that remain consistent through time and space.They are principles by which we can define and predict the behavior of matter and energy.

Answer 36

Natural Laws

Question 37

What are perfectly valid explanations of data gathered from the natural world, and they can be predictive, but they never reach the status of laws?

Answer 37

Concepts

Question 38

What are the three roles of instruments?

Answer 38

1) Extend our powers of observation(telescopes,microscopes,x-Ray) 2) are used to quantify observations(scales,thermometers) 3) Allow us to make observations or conduct experiments(robots)

Question 39

4 reasons why controversies exist in science.

Answer 39

1) New information arises 2) Complex phenomena are not easily tested 3) Multiple perspectives have be involved 4) Bias by those who stand to profit from controversy

Question 40

What is legitimate science using the scientific method?

Answer 40

Sound Science

Question 41

What is information that is presented as valid science, but that does not conform to the rigors of the methods and practice of legitimate science?

Answer 41

Junk Science

Question 42

Three examples of junk science.

Answer 42

1) Politically motivated distortions of scientific works 2) Presentations of selective results 3) Publications in quasi-scientific works.

Question 43

can be continued indefinitely, without depleting any of the material or energy resources required to keep it running.

Answer 43

Sustainability

Question 44

is to harvest resources but stay within the capacity of the population to grow and replace itself. (first applied in forestry and fisheries)

Answer 44

Sustainable Yields

Question 45

are entire natural systems that persist and thrive over time by recycling nutrients and maintaining a diversity of species in balance and by using the Sun as a source of sustainable energy.

Answer 45

Sustainable ecosystems

Question 46

is a society in balance with the natural world, continuing generation after generation, neither depleting its resource base by exceeding sustainable yields nor producing pollutants in excess of nature’s capacity to absorb them.

Answer 46

Sustainable society

Question 47

development or progress that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. First defined by the World Commission on Environment and Development and published in Our Common Future (1987).

Answer 47

Sustainable Development

Question 48

What is the continued improvement of human well-being?

Answer 48

Development

Question 49

What are developed countries concerned with? | What are developing countries concerned with?

Answer 49

- Environmental Sustainability | - Economic Devlopment

Question 50

What is meeting the needs of the present, but future generations are seen as equally deserving?

Answer 50

Equity

Question 51

The concerns of sociologists, economists, and ecologists must interact in order to achieve __________ in a society.

Answer 51

sustainable solutions

Question 52

are concerned mainly with growth, efficiency, and the optimum use of resources.

Answer 52

Economists

Question 53

mainly focus on human needs and on concepts like equity, empowerment, social cohesion, and cultural identity.

Answer 53

Sociologists

Question 54

show their greatest concern for preserving the integrity of natural systems, for living within the carrying capacity of the environment, and for dealing effectively with pollution.

Answer 54

Ecologists

Question 55

which evaluates the ability of nations to protect the environment. - produced by Yale University (1999-2005) - evaluated a society’s natural resources and its stewardship of those resources and the people they support

Answer 55

Environmental Sustainability Index

Question 56

Three ways in which the stewardship ethic is demonstrated

Answer 56

1) Recognition that a trust has been given 2) Responsible care for something not owned 3) Desire to pass something on to future generations

Question 57

who wrote the book Silent Spring in 1962 which alerted the public about the dangers of pesticides and their role in decimating bird populations. - John F. Kennedy supported her movement - This forced Congress to pass the Environmental Policy Act

Answer 57

Rachel Carson

Question 58

is a farmer in El Salvador who organized opposition to a damaging mining operation by the Canadian mining company Pacific Rim. Pineda received the 2011 Goldman Environmental Prize.

Answer 58

Francisco Pineda

Question 59

the first Kenyan woman to earn a PhD, founded the Green Belt Movement that has planted 30 million trees in that country. - She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004, the first environmental activist to receive that honor. Maathai died of cancer in 2011.

Answer 59

Dr. Wangari Maathai

Question 60

the placement of waste sites and other hazardous industries in towns and neighborhoods in which most of the residents are nonwhite.

Answer 60

Environmental racism

Question 61

List two ways in which Environmental Racism is demonstrated:

Answer 61

-Wealthier,politically active white communities get more facility improvements:(roads,sewer projects)

Question 62

What is the accelerating interconnectedness of human economies,ideas,and cultures

Answer 62

Globalization

Question 63

Positive outcomes of globalization

Answer 63

- Health Improvements - Improved crop yields - Environmentally friendly consumer goods - Economic exchanges have connected people to global markets

Question 64

Negative Outcomes of Globalization

Answer 64

- Worldwide spread of diseases (AIDS) - Trade in hazardous wastes - Spread of organic pollutants - Global climate change

Question 65

Good news

Answer 65

Fewer people are starving, life expectancy is rising, and population rates are slowing

Question 88

What is the practical goal that our interactions with the natural world that we should be working toward?

Answer 88

Sustainability