Chapter 1

Question 0

Population

Answer 0

The entire set if the individuals of interest for a particular research question

Question 1

Statistic

Answer 1

Refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing,summarizing, and interpreting data.

Question 2

Sample

Answer 2

Set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in the research study

Question 3

Variable

Answer 3

A characteristic or condition that charges or has different values for different individuals

Question 4

Data

Answer 4

Data of datum; measurements or observations.

Question 5

Data set

Answer 5

Is a collection of measurement of observations

Question 6

Datum or raw score

Answer 6

Singular for data; is a single measurement or observation

Question 7

Parameter

Answer 7

Is a value, usually a numerical value to describe a population. A parameter usually derived from measurements of the individuals in a population.

Question 8

Statistic

Answer 8

A value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample. Usually derives from measurements of individuals in the sample.

Question 9

Descriptive statistic

Answer 9

Statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.

Question 10

Inferential statistical

Answer 10

Consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected.

Question 11

Sampling error

Answer 11

Is the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

Question 12

Correlation method

Answer 12

Two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.
One group of individuals

Question 13

Experimental method

Answer 13

One variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured. To established a cause and effect relationship between and two variables, an experiment attempts to control all other variables to prevent them from influencing the results

Question 14

Independent variable

Answer 14

Variable that is manipulated by the researcher. In behavioral research, it usually consists of two or more treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed. Consists of antecedent conditions that are manipulated prior to observing the dependent variable

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

a variable that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment

Question 16

Control condition

Answer 16

Individuals that do not receive experimental treatment. Instead, they receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment. Purpose is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition.

Question 17

Control group

Answer 17

The individuals in the control condition

Question 18

Experimental condition

Answer 18

Individuals in this group do receive the experimental treatment and called the experimental group

Question 19

Quasi-independent variable

Answer 19

In a non experimental study, the independent variable that used to create the different groups of scores

Question 20

Constructs or hypothetical constructs

Answer 20

Internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior

Question 21

Operational definition

Answer 21

Identifies a measurement procedure (set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and measurement of an internal construct.

Question 22

Discrete variable

Answer 22

Consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values exist between two neighboring categories

Question 23

Continuous variable

Answer 23

There are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values. Continuous variable is divisive into an infinite number of fractional parts.

Question 24

Real limits

Answer 24

The boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continues number line; the real limit see pertain two adjacent score is located exactly halfway between the scores. Each score has two real limits.

Question 25

Upper real limit

Answer 25

At the top of the interval

Question 26

Lower real limit

Answer 26

At the bottom of the interval

Question 27

Nominal scale

Answer 27

Consists of a set of categories that have different names. Measurements on a nominal scale label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations.

Question 28

Ordinal scale

Answer 28

Consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size and magnitude.

Question 29

Interval scale

Answer 29

Consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size. Equal differences between numbers on the scale reflect equal differences in magnitude. However, the zero point on an interval scale is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured.

Question 30

Ratio scale

Answer 30

An interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point. With a ratio scale, ratios of numbers do not reflect ratios of magnitude.

Question 31

€X^2 0 1 6 3

Answer 31

``` 0^2= 0 1^2= 1 6^2= 36 3^2= 9 ``` 0+1+36+9= 46

Question 32

(€X)^2 0 1 6 3

Answer 32

0+1+6+3= 10 10^2 = 100

Question 33

€X +1 0 1 4 2

Answer 33

1+4+2=7 +1=8

Question 34

Nonexperimental study

Answer 34

No manipulation. Just observation of two variables.