Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What is anatomy?
A
structure
2
Q
What is physiology?
A
function
3
Q
10 Levels of Organization
A
- subatomic particles 2. atoms 3. molecules 4. macromolecules 5. organelle 6. cell 7.tissue 8.organ 9. organ system 10. organism
4
Q
What is a subatomic particle?
A
electrons, protons, neutrons; particles that make up atoms
5
Q
What is an atom?
A
chemicals that consists of tiny particles (subatomic); make up molecules; ex: hydrogen atom
6
Q
What is a molecule?
A
atoms joined together; ex: water moleule; make up macromolecules
7
Q
What is a macromolecule?
A
small molecules joined together; ex: protein molecule; make up organelles
8
Q
What is an organelle?
A
carry on specific activities; composed of proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids; ex: mitochondrion; make up cells
9
Q
What is a cell?
A
basic unit of structure and function; ex: muscle cell; make up tissues
10
Q
What is a tissue?
A
group of cells; ex: connective tissue; makes up organs
11
Q
What is an organ?
A
groups of different tissues; complex structures with specialized functions; ex: heart; make up organ systems
12
Q
What is an organ system?
A
groups of organs that function closely together; ex: skeletal system; makes up an organism
13
Q
What is an organism?
A
interacting organ systems; ex: human being
14
Q
11 organ systems
A
- skeletal
- integumentary
- cardiovascular
- lymphatic
- urinary
- reproductive
- respiratory
- muscular
- nervous
- endocrine
- digestive
15
Q
What is the skeletal system?
A
bones, ligaments, cartilages
16
Q
What is the integumentary system?
A
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
17
Q
What is the muscular system?
A
muscles
18
Q
What is the nervous system?
A
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
19
Q
What is the endocrine system?
A
glands that secrete horomones; pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus
20
Q
What is the cardiovascular system?
A
heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
21
Q
What is the lymphatic system?
A
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
22
Q
What is the digestive system?
A
mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
23
Q
What is the respiratory system?
A
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
24
Q
What is the urinary system?
A
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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What is the reproductive system?
Male: scrotum, testes, urethra, penis
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
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10 Characteristics of Life
1. movement
2. responsiveness
3. growth
4. reproduction
5. respiration
6. digestion
7. absorption
8. circulation
9. assimilation
10. excretion
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5 enviornmental factors of life
1. water
2. food
3. oxygen
4. heat
5. pressure
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What is homeostasis?
the body's maintenance of a stable internal enviornment; the body is always striving for balance; hates chaos; examples- blood sugar; requires most of our metabolic energy; maintains through homeostatic mechanisms
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What are the 3 homeostatic mechanisms?
1. receptors
2. control center
3. effectors
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In relation to homeostatic mechanisms, what are receptors?
provide information about specific conditions in the internal enviornment (molecule or cell); provides information about stimuli
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In relation to homeostatic mechanisms, what is the control center?
the brain; decides the "set point" which is a particular value such as body temperature
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In relation to homeostatic mechanisms, what are effectors?
muscles or glands causes responses that alter conditions in the internal enviornment; example: pancreas
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Positive Homeostatic Mechanism
example- human childbirth; increases actions of the body; produces MORE instability; more chaos; only a few types necessary for our survival; unfrequent events; uncommon loop
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Negative Homeostatic Mechanism
causes the opposite occur; always brings us back to the set point; reduces the actions of the effectors; limits chaos in the body; most COMMON type of feedback loop
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Body Cavaties
cranial; vertebral; thoracic; abdominopelvic
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Visceral
pertaining to the organs in a body cavity
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Parietal
pertaining to the wall of an organ or cavity
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Superior
near the head
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inferior
towards the bottom
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anterior
front/ventral
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posterior
back/dorsal
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medial
towards the midline
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lateral
towards the side, away from the midline
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ipsi-lateral
same side
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contra-lateral
opposite side
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proximal
for extremities only; closest to point of attachement
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distal
for extremities only; furthest from point of attachment
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superficial
near the surface/skin
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deep
internal
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sagittal
divides body into left and right portions (median)
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mid-sagittal
divides body into EQUAL left and right portions
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transverse
horizontal; divides body into superior and inferior
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coronal
frontal; divides body into anterior and posterior
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Quadrant System (US)
Right Upper; Right Lower; Left Upper; Left Lower
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Matter
anything that takes up space and has mass; composed of elements
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elements
composed of chemically identical elements; atoms are the smallest part
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major elements
large amounts required; O, C, H, and N
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minor elements
small amounts required; Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, I, and Fe
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trace elements
very minute amounts required; Cr, Co, Cu, F, Mn, Ma, Se, Si, Sn, V, and Zn
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energy
no mass and takes up no space; capacity to do work; exists as kinetic or potential energy
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ATP
adenosine triphosphate; comes from glucose; 1 molecule of glucose = 36 ATPs
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4 forms of energy
1. chemical- neurotransmitter
2. electrical- nervous system/brain
3. mechanical- throwing, etc
4. radiant or electomagnetic- heat
All energy conversions that occur in the body liberate heat
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Proton
single + charge; within nucleus
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Neutron
no electrical charge; within nucleus
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electron
single - charge; around nucleus
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Nucleus
central part of atom; composed of protons and neutrons; electrons move around it
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Isotopes
atoms with the same atomic number, but different atomic weights;
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Radioactive Isotopes
unstable; Iodine 131, Thallium 201, Gallium 67, Cobalt 60
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Molecule
formed when 2 or more atoms chemically combine
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compound
formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements chemically combine
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molecular formula
depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecules
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ionic bonds
attraction between a cation and anion; formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another; most considered to be salts (electrolytes)
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covalent
when atoms share electrons
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hyrdrogen
weak; positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another; maintain and stabilize structures
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ions
atoms that gain or lose electrons to become stable; electrically charged atom
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cation
atom or molecule carrying a net of positive charge due to a deficiency of electrons
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anion
atom of molecule carrying a net negative charge due to one or more extra electrons
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Polar Molecule
slightly negative end and slightly positive end; results when electrons are NOT shared equally within covalent bonds; example- water
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Water
high heat capacity; high heat vaporization; polar solvent properties; reactivity; cushioning
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Chemical Reactions
occur when chemical bonds form or break among atoms, ions, or molecules; reactants and products
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4 parts of chemical reactions
1. synthesis
2. decomposition
3. exchange
4. reversible
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Synthesis
combination reactions; more complex structure is formed; forms bonds and require energy; build; anabolic
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Decomposition
reverse synthesis; chemicals are broken to form; degrades and are catabolic; break bonds; release energy
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Exchange
displacement reactions; both anabolic and catabolic; how glucose, as a fuel molecule, gets trapped in a cell; break and how bonds are formed
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Reversible
change back to the reactants; all reactions are theoretically reversible;
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Factors influencing rates of chemical reactions
1. temperature- proceed quick at higher temps
2. concentration- more reacting faster
3. particle size- smaller, faster
4. catalysts- enzymes increase rate of reaction
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electrolytes
substances release ions in the water
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acids
electrolytes disassociate to release H ions in H2O
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bases
alkaline; substances that release ions that can combine with Hydrogen ions
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pH scale
indicates concentration of H ions in solution; neutral pH= 7; human blood= 7.35; more left= acidic; more right= alkaline
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Organic Molecules
contain C and H; larger than inorganic molecules; dissolve in water and organic liquids; examples= proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids
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Inorganic Molecules
generally do not contain Carbon; smaller than organic molecules; disassociate in water, forming ions; H2O, CO2, and inorganic salts
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Inorganic Substances- Water
most abundant compound; 70% of a human; major component of body fluids; medium for most metabolic reactions; important in transporting chemicals in the body; absorbs and transports heat
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Inorganic Substances- O2
used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells
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Inorganic Substances- CO2
waste product released during metabolic reactions; must be removed from the body
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Inorganic Substances- Inorganic salts
electrolytes; abundant in body fluids; sources of necessary ions (Na, Cl, K); plays important role in metabolism
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Organic Substances- Carbs
provide energy to cells; supply materials to help build up cells; water soluble; contain C, H, and O; ratio of H to O close to 2:1;
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monosaccharides
glucose fructose
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dissachrides
sucrose, lactose
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polysaccarhides
glycogen, cellulose
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Organic Substances- Lipids
soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water
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Lipids- triglycerides
fats; used for energy; most common lipid in body; contain C, H, and O, but less O than carbs; saturated and unsaturated; building blocks are 1 glycerol
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Lipids- phospholipids
building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecule; hydrophillic and hydrophobic; major component of all cell membranes
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Hyrdophillic
loves water; attracts water
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Hydrophobic
hates water; repels water
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Lipids- Steroids
4 connected rings of Carbon; distributed in the body; various functions; component of all membranes; used to synthesize hormones; cholesterol
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Lipids- Proteins
structural material; provide alternate energy source; horomones; receptors; enzymes; antibodies; protein building block are amino acids; not a primary energy source
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amino acids
held together by peptide bonds
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Protein renaturation
complex, irreversible proccess
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Nucleic acids
carry genes; encode amino acids sequences of proteins; made from nucelotides; DNA; RNA
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DNA
double polynucleotide (deoxyribonucleic acid)
112
RNA
single polynucleotide (ribonucleic acid)
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3 parts of a cell
1. nucleus
2. cell membrane
3. cytoplasm
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Cell Membrane
also known as plasma membrane, plasmalemna; outer limit; controls what enters and exits the cell; selectively permeable; phospholipid bilayer (hydrophillic head, hydrophobic tail); cholesterol stabilizes the membrane;
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CAMs
cellular adhesion molecules; guide cells on the move; selectin- allows WBC to "anchor"; integrin- contacts an adhesion receptor protein protruding into the capillary space
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cytoplasm
1. cystol
| 2. organelles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles; transport system;
1. smooth ER- lipid synthesis; breakdown drugs
2. rough ER- contains ribosomes
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Ribosomes
free floating or connected to rough ER; provides structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form protein
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Golgi Apparatus
stack of flattened membrane sacs; modifies, packages, and delivers proteins;
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Vesicles
membranous sacs/ stores substances
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Mitochondria
membranous sacs with inner partitions; generates ATP
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lysosome
enzyme containing sacs; digest worn out cell parts
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peroxisomes
enzyme/break down organic molecules
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Centrosomes
2 rod like centrioles; used to produce cilia and flagella; distributes chromosomes during cell division
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cilia
short-hair likes projections; propel substances to the surface
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flagellum
long tail-like; sperm
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microfilaments
makes up cytostructural skeleton of a cell; thin rods and tubules; support cytoplasm; allows for movement of organelles
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Inclusions
temporary nutrients and pigments
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Cell nucleus
control center of the cell; nuclear envelope; porous double membrane; separates nuceloplasm from cytoplasm
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nucleolus
dense collection of RNA and proteins; where ribosomes are made
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chromatin
fibers of DNA and proteins; stores information for synthesis of proteins
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Passive (physical) process
require NO cellular energy and includes:
1. simple diffusion
2. facilitated diffusion
3. osmosis
4. filtration
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Active (physiological process)
requires cellular energy and includes:
1. active transport
2. endocytosis
3. exocytosis
4. transcytosis
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Simple Diffusion
movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration; O2, CO2, and lipid soluble
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Facilitated Diffusion
diffusion across a membrane with the help of osmosis; movement of H2O through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
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isotonic
same isotonic pressure
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hypertonic
more ionic (water is lost); creanated--> ready to lyse or explode
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hyptonic
less ionic (water is gained)
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osmotic pressure
ability of osmosis to generate pressure to move a volume of water; increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solutes increase
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filtration
smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes; hydrostatic pressure; molecules leaving blood capillaries
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Sodium- Potassium Pump
creates balance by "pumping" three Na OUT and two K into the cell; always a 3:2 ratio
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Endocytosis
cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substances; 3 types:
1. pinocytosis
2. phagocytosis
3. receptor- mediated
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Exocytosis
reverse of endocytosis; substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane; contents release outside of cell; release neurotransmitters from nerve cell
