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Bio 114 > Chapter 1-3 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology

A

The study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments

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2
Q

Science

A

Knowledge that covers general truths or the operations of generals laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method

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3
Q

Scientific method

A

Method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation

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4
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

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5
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

General principle or law to forecast specific results

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

statement that must be testable and falsifiable

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7
Q

Predictions

A

results that we expect from our hypothesis

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8
Q

Experiment

A

set of actions or observations designed to test a specific hypothesis

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9
Q

Data

A

information from an experiment

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10
Q

Independent variable

A

factor that is manipulated

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11
Q

Dependent variable

A

effect of the manipulated factor; what is measured

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12
Q

Experimental group

A

includes control variables and the factor to be manipulated

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13
Q

Control group

A

includes control variables only

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14
Q

Qualitative

A

descriptions rather than measurements

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15
Q

Quantitative

A

continuous numerical data

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16
Q

Peer reviews

A

blind process whereby scientists submit the details of their experiments, results and interpretations, and reviewers determine the veracity and merit of that work for publication

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17
Q

theory

A

broad and general enough to lead to new testable hypotheses

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18
Q

Elements

A

unique forms of matter

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19
Q

Compounds

A

combinations of elements

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20
Q

Atoms

A

smallest units of matter that retain all chemical properties of an element

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21
Q

nucleus

A

center of the atom that contains protons and neutrons

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22
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons

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23
Q

Atomic mass

A

mass of the atom, roughly equal to the number of protons and neutrons

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24
Q

Isotopes

A

elements with different number of neutrons

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25
Radioisotopes
isotopes that emit neutrons, protons, and electrons
26
Orbits
electron shells or energy levels
27
Valence electrons
electrons that occupy the outermost orbital
28
Chemical reactions
changes in distribution of electrons between atoms
29
Chemical bonds
attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules
30
Molecule
two or more atoms may bond with each other to form this
31
Bonding capactiy
number of bonds that the atom can form
32
Electronegativity
an atom's attraction for the electrons of a covalent bond
33
Polar covalent bonds
unequal sharing of electrons
34
Nonpolar covalent bonds
equal sharing of electrons
35
Ionic bonds
atoms give up or gain electrons/ an attraction between an anion and a cation
36
Hydrogen bonds
interactions between the partial positive of hydrogen and the partial negative of a more electronegative atom on another molecule
37
Van der waals interactions
weak attractions or interactions between two or more molecules due to changes in electron density
38
Cation
positively charged ion
39
Anion
negatively charged ion
40
Reactants
substances used at beginning of reaction
41
Products
substances formed at the end of the reaction
42
Irreversible reactions
proceeds in one direction until all the reactants are used up
43
Reversible reactions
reactants are converted to products but some product can be converted back to reactant
44
Heat capacity
refers to the amount of heat 1 gram of substance must absorb in order to raise its temperature one degree celsius
45
Heat of vaporization
amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to gas
46
Cohesion
water molecules at the liquid-gas interface stick together due to hydrogen bonding
47
Surface tension
capacity of a substance to withstand being ruptured when placed under tension or stress
48
Adhesion
an attraction between water molecules and other molecules
49
Solutions
homogeneous mixtures that consist of a solute and solvent
50
Solute
less abundant part of a solution
51
Solvent
most abundant part of a solution
52
Aqueous solution
if the solvent is water, then it is this type of soltuion
53
Hydrophilic
water loving
54
Hydrophobic
water fearing
55
Acidity
acids
56
Alkalinity
Bases
57
Buffers
substances that minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution
58
hydrocarbons
carbon and hydrogen
59
functional groups
groups of atoms within a molecule that confer consistent specific properties to these molecules
60
organic molecule
contains carbon
61
monomers
macromolecules that consist of individual subunits
62
polymers
monomers that are linked together via covalent bonds
63
polymerization
creation of polymers
64
dehydration synthesis
monomers linking to form polymers
65
hydrolysis
process of breaking polymers down into individual monomers
66
enzymes
biological molecules that catalyze or speed up reactions
67
carbohydrates
provide energy to body in the form of glucose
68
3 subtypes of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
69
monosaccharides
have 3-7 carbons and contain a carbon oxygen double bond
70
glucose
important source of energy
71
galactose
part of lactose/milk sugar
72
fructose
part of sucrose/fruit
73
when do monosaccharides assume a ring structure
in aqueous solutions
74
disaccharides
form when two monosaccharides are linked by dehydration synthesis
75
polysaccharides
long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
76
starch
energy storage polysaccharide of plants
77
glycogen
energy storage polysaccharide in animals
78
cellulose
provides support for plant cell walls; made of repeating glucose monomers
79
chitin
creates the hard exoskeleton of arthropods; made of two repeated monomers; contains nitrogen
80
lipids
diverse group of nonpolar hydrocarbons
81
triacyl glycerol
formed by joining three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone
82
ester linkage
how dehydration synthesis attaches glycerol to the fatty acids
83
saturated fatty acids
no carbon-carbon double bonds; packed tightly with no kinks; solid at room temperature
84
unsaturated fatty acids
contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond; kinks; liquids at room temperature
85
trans-fats
have a double bond but don't have kinks; solid at room temperature
86
waxes
long fatty acid chains esterified to long chain alcohols
87
steroids
4 linked carbon rings that have a closed ring structure
88
cholesterol
most common steroid that maintains fluidity in plasma membranes
89
structure of phospholipids
2 fatty acid tails, glycerol, and phosphate group
90
phospholipid
contributes to the dynamic nature of plasma membrane
91
monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
92
bond of carbohydrates
glycosidic linkages
93
polymer of carbohydrates
polysaccharide
94
uses of carbohydrates
energy storage and structure
95
monomer of lipids
fatty acid
96
bond of lipids
ester linkage
97
polymer of lipids
no true polymer
98
uses of lipids
long term energy storage, waxes, steroids, phospholipids
99
fats and oils energy storage- two main components
glycerol and fatty acids

Bio 114 (1 decks)

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