Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
unrelated
A
two item not associate
2
Q
related or proportional
A
two item associated or affiliated
3
Q
directly related / proportional
A
1 ⬆️, 1 ⬆️
4
Q
inversely related / proportional
A
1 ⬆️, 1 ⬇️
5
Q
reciprocal
A
two number w/ reciprocal relational are multipled tg = 1
6
Q
what kind of relation is reciprocal ?
A
inverse relationship 1 ⬆️, 1 ⬇️
7
Q
units : length
A
distance or circumference : cm, feet
8
Q
units : area
A
cm2 , ft2
9
Q
units : volume
A
cm3, ft3
10
Q
in scientific notation form w/ positive exponent has a value …..
A
greater than 10
11
Q
in scientific notation form w/ negative exponent has a value …..
A
less than 1
12
Q
in scientific notation form w/ exponent : zero has a value …..
A
b/w 1-10
13
Q
sound is …. wave
A
Mechanical
14
Q
sound can not travel through …
it must travel through
A
vacuum
medium
15
Q
molecules are alternately ….
A
compressed / rarefied
16
Q
sound travels in a …. line
A
straight
17
Q
sound was are …. waves
A
longitudinal
18
Q
acoustic propagation properties
A
effects : medium upon sound wave
19
Q
biologic effect
A
effect : sound wave upon biological tissue through which is passing
20
Q
what are used to distinguish b/w sound wave / other time of waves
3 acoustic variable
A
- pressure
- density
- distance
21
Q
pressure
A
concentration : force in an area
22
Q
units : pressure
A
pascals (Pa)
23
Q
density
A
concentration : mass in volume
24
Q
unit : density
A
kg/cm3
25
distance
measure : particle motion
26
units : distance
cm,feet,mile
27
what is used to describe wave feature ?
7 acoustic parameters
1. period
2. frequency
3. amplitude
4. power
5. intensity
6. wavelength
7. Propagation speed
28
transverse wave
particles move in direction > perpendicular ( at right angles) to direction > wave propagates
29
Longitudinal wave
particles moves > same direction > wave propagates
30
sound is ..... wave
Longitudinal
31
In - phase wave
peak ( max value) occurs at the same time / location
32
out - phase wave
peak occurs at different time
33
interface
- more than one sound beam may travel > medium
- multiple beam may arrive at identical location at exactly same time
- wave lose individual characteristic, combines to form a single wave
34
constructive interference
interference : in-phase wave = forming : single wave : greater amplitude than either : it component
- resulting wave > larger than component
35
destructive interface
interference : out : phase wave = forming : single wave : lesser amplitude that at least one : its component
-resulting wave > smaller than 1 : it component
36
complete destructive interference
two out-phase wave are equal amplitude
37
source : sound wave
ultrasound system / transducer
38
another word > medium
tissue
39
period
time it take wave to vibrate a single cycle
OR
time from start : 1 cycle to start : next cycle
40
units : period
time
Microseconds (us)
seconds
hours
days
41
period determined by
sound source only
42
can period be adjusted
No
43
frequency
: particular events that occur > specific duration : time
44
frequency : wave describes
: cycles > occurs > 1 seconds
45
units : frequency
per second
1/second
hertz (Hz)
kHz
MHz
46
frequency determined by
sound source only
47
can frequency be adjusted
No
48
frequency : sound wave > less than 20 Hz
- below human hearing / cannot be heard
Infrasonic / infrasound
49
human can hear sound w/ frequencies b/w 20-20,000 Hz
audible
50
sound w/ frequencies so high human can not hear
ultrasonic / ultrasound
51
ultrasound frequency is higher than .....
20,000 Hz ( 20 kHz)
52
frequency affects ...
penetration / image quality
53
period / frequency ..... related
inversely
Frequency ⬆️, period ⬇️
Frequency ⬇️, period ⬆️
54
period / frequency special relationships
reciprocal
period x frequency = 1
55
hertz
events per second
56
what is the meaning of: sound wave w/ frequency : 100 Hz
1. 100 event occurs each seconds
2. cycle is our event.
100 Hz = 100 cycles per second
57
what is the meaning of an individual's / heart rate : 1 Hz
1. 1 event occur each second
2.heartbeat is the event
Individuals earn contracts at rate : 1 beat per second ( 60 beats per min)
58
3 parameters describe size, magnitude, strength : sound wave
1. amplitude
2.power
3.intensity
59
amplitude
"bigness" : waves
- difference between/w max value / average or undisturbed value : acoustic variable
- difference b/w mini value / average value : acoustic variable
60
units : amplitude
pressure - pascals
density - g/cm3
particle motion - clinches, any distance
decibels - dB
61
amplitude determined by
sound source only
62
amplitude ..... as sound propagates through body
⬇️
63
can amplitude be adjustable
Yes
64
amplitude is measured
from middle, undisturbed value to maxi value
65
peak - peak amplitude
difference b/w max / min value : acoustic variable
66
peak - peak amplitude > .... value : amplitude
twice
67
power
rate : energy transfer
OR
rate at which work is performed
68
units : power
watts
69
power determined by
sound source only
70
can power be adjustable
Yes
71
amplitude / power
parameter that describes size or magnitude : wave
72
amplitude / power ... related
directly
amplitude ⬆️, power ⬆️
amplitude ⬇️, power ⬆️
73
intensity
concentration : energy in sound beam
74
how you calculate intensity
divide beam power by beam cross - sectional area
75
Intensity relates to
how power in wave spreads or disturbed in space
76
intensity depends on
both power on beam / area over which power is applied
77
units : intensity
watts / square cm ( W/cm2)
- watts = power
- cm2 = beam area
intensity (W/cm2) =10,000 kg/sec³ power (w) / area cm2)
78
intensity determined by
sound source only
79
can intensity be adjusted
Yes
80
Amplitude, power, intensity ...... related
directly
1 ⬆️, 1 ⬆️
81
intensity / power ..... Relationships
Proportional ♾️
82
intensity ... to wave .......
proportional / amplitude squared
♾️
83
squared means
multiple by itself
84
wavelength
distance or length : 1 complete cycle
85
units : wavelength
mm
meters
any units : length
86
wavelength determined by
both source / medium
87
can wavelength be adjusted
NO
87
wavelength / frequency ..... related
Inversely
frequency ⬆️, wavelength ⬇️
88
what is the only parameter that is determined both source / medium
wavelength
89
the lower ..... , longer .....
frequency, wavelength
90
how do you find wavelength : sound wave > soft tissue
divide 1.54 mm by frequency in MHz
wavelength ( mm) = 1.54mm/us/ frequency (MHz)
91
wavelength affects ....
image quality
92
shorter wavelength created by ...... & produces .....
high frequency sound & higher quality image w/ greater detail
93
sonographer should use ..... frequency transducer rather than ........ frequency transducer
higher / lower
94
propagation speed
rate at which sound wave travels through a medium
95
units : propagation speed
meters per seconds
mm
us
any distance divided by time
96
propagation speed determined by
only by medium in which sound is traveling
97
can propagation speed be adjusted
NO
98
what is the average or typical biological medium ?
soft tissue
99
what is the speed : sound > soft tissue
1,540 m/s
1.54 mm/us OR km/s ( 1 mile per sec)
100
2 characteristic : medium affect speed : sound
1. stiffness
2. density
101
stiffness
Ability : object to resist compression
102
stiffness / speed ...... related
Directly
1 ⬆️, 1 ⬆️
103
as material become stiffer, speed : sound > material ....
⬆️
104
another name for stiffness
bulk modulus
105
what is the opposite of stiffness
elasticity & compressibility
106
density
weight of material
107
density / speed ... related
inversely
1 ⬆️, 1 ⬇️
108
material become more dense ( heavier), speed : sound > material .....
decrease
109
sound travels .... in media w/ low density
faster
110
speed is determined by .... & ..... : medium
density & stiffness
111
material > stiff but no dense will have .... speed
faster
112
material > not stiff & very dense will have .... speed
slowest
113
5 parameter determined by sound source only
1. period
2. frequency
3. amplitude
4. power
5. intensity
114
period / frequency .... relationship
Reciprocal
115
3 parameters that describe the magnitude : sound wave
( BIG 3 )
1. amplitude
2. power
3. Intensity
116
what are the only 3 parameter that sonographer can adjust
1. amplitude
2. power
3. Intensity
117
what is the only parameter determined by both sound source & medium
wavelength
118
what the only parameter determined solely by medium through which it sound travels
speed
