Chapter 1-3 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Garbage In, Garbage Out
G.I.G.O.
The process of gathering and analyzing data in a systematic and controlled way using procedures that are generally accepted by others in the discipline.
Science
Procedures used to gather and analyze scientific data.
Methods
Repetition of a particular study that is conducted for purposes of determining whether the original study’s results hold when new samples or measures are employed.
Replication
A set of proposed and testable explanations about reality that are bound together by logic and evidence.
Theory
A single proposition deduced from a theory, that must hold true in order for the theory itself to be considered valid.
Hypothesis
Subset pulled from a population with the goal of ultimately using the people, objects, or places in the sample as a way to generalize to the population.
Sample
The universe of people, objects, or locations that researchers wish to study. Usually large.
Populations
Sampling technique in which all people, objects, or areas in a population have an equal and known chance of being selected into the sample.
Probability Sampling
Studies intended to assess the results of programs or interventions for purposes of discovering whether those programs or interventions appear to be effective.
Evaluation Research
Studies that address issues that have not been examined much or at all in prior research and that therefore may lack firm theoretical and empirical grounding.
Exploratory Research
Studies done solely for the purpose of describing a particular phenomenon as it occurs in a sample.
Descriptive Research
A characteristic that describes people, objects, or places and takes multiple values in a sample or population
Variable
The object or target of a research study.
Unit of Analysis
The phenomenon that a researcher wishes to study, explain, or predict.
Dependent Variable
A factor or characteristic that is used to try to explain or predict a dependent variable.
Independent Variable
Having the qualities of being measurable, observable, or tangible. Empirical phenomena are deductible with senses such as sight, hearing, or touch.
Empirical
The error of assuming that a statistical relationship that is present in a group applies uniformly to all individual people or objects within that group.
Ecological Fallacy
A variable’s specific type or classification. There are four types nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Level of Measurement
A classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that cannot be ranked in terms of quantity.
Nominal Variable
A classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that can be ranked in terms of quantity.
Ordinal Variable
A quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristics is present or absent and does not have a true zero point.
Interval Variable
A quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristics is present or absent and has a true zero point.
Ratio Variable
Involving one variable
Univariable
