Final

Question 1

Garbage In, Garbage Out

Answer 1

G.I.G.O.

Question 2

The process of gathering and analyzing data in a systematic and controlled way using procedures that are generally accepted by others in the discipline.

Answer 2

Science

Question 3

Procedures used to gather and analyze scientific data.

Answer 3

Methods

Question 4

Repetition of a particular study that is conducted for purposes of determining whether the original study’s results hold when new samples or measures are employed.

Answer 4

Replication

Question 5

A set of proposed and testable explanations about reality that are bound together by logic and evidence.

Answer 5

Theory

Question 6

A single proposition deduced from a theory, that must hold true in order for the theory itself to be considered valid.

Answer 6

Hypothesis

Question 7

Subset pulled from a population with the goal of ultimately using the people, objects, or places in the sample as a way to generalize to the population.

Answer 7

Sample

Question 8

The universe of people, objects, or locations that researchers wish to study. Usually large.

Answer 8

Populations

Question 9

Sampling technique in which all people, objects, or areas in a population have an equal and known chance of being selected into the sample.

Answer 9

Probability Sampling

Question 10

Studies intended to assess the results of programs or interventions for purposes of discovering whether those programs or interventions appear to be effective.

Answer 10

Evaluation Research

Question 11

Studies that address issues that have not been examined much or at all in prior research and that therefore may lack firm theoretical and empirical grounding.

Answer 11

Exploratory Research

Question 12

Studies done solely for the purpose of describing a particular phenomenon as it occurs in a sample.

Answer 12

Descriptive Research

Question 13

A characteristic that describes people, objects, or places and takes multiple values in a sample or population

Answer 13

Variable

Question 14

The object or target of a research study.

Answer 14

Unit of Analysis

Question 15

The phenomenon that a researcher wishes to study, explain, or predict.

Answer 15

Dependent Variable

Question 16

A factor or characteristic that is used to try to explain or predict a dependent variable.

Answer 16

Independent Variable

Question 17

Having the qualities of being measurable, observable, or tangible. Empirical phenomena are deductible with senses such as sight, hearing, or touch.

Answer 17

Empirical

Question 18

The error of assuming that a statistical relationship that is present in a group applies uniformly to all individual people or objects within that group.

Answer 18

Ecological Fallacy

Question 19

A variable’s specific type or classification. There are four types nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Answer 19

Level of Measurement

Question 20

A classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that cannot be ranked in terms of quantity.

Answer 20

Nominal Variable

Question 21

A classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that can be ranked in terms of quantity.

Answer 21

Ordinal Variable

Question 22

A quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristics is present or absent and does not have a true zero point.

Answer 22

Interval Variable

Question 23

A quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristics is present or absent and has a true zero point.

Answer 23

Ratio Variable

Question 24

Involving one variable

Answer 24

Univariable

Question 25

A raw count of the number of times a particular characteristic appears in a data set.

Answer 25

Frequency

Question 26

A standardized for of a frequency that ranges from 0.00 to 1.00

Answer 26

Proportion

Question 27

A standardized for of a frequency that ranges from 0.00 to 0.00 to 100.00

Answer 27

Percentages

Question 28

Three or more topics/variables

Answer 28

Multivariate

Question 29

A table showing the overlap between two variables.

Answer 29

Contingency Table

Question 30

Analysis involving two variables. Usually one is designated the independent variable and the other the dependent variable.

Answer 30

Bivariate

Question 31

Variables measured repeatedly over time.

Answer 31

Longitudinal Variable

Question 32

Patterns that indicate whether something is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same over time.

Answer 32

Trends

Question 33

x = raw dataf = frequencyfx = total of all values

Answer 33

Grouped data.

Question 34

The most frequent occurring category or value in a set if scores.

Answer 34

Mode

Question 35

The distance between the mean of a data set and any given raw score in that set.

Answer 35

Deviation score

Question 36

The amount of spread or variability among the scores in a distribution.

Answer 36

Dispersion

Question 37

The simplest of three measures of central tendency.

Answer 37

Mode

Question 38

A measure of dispersion for variables of any level of measurement that is calculated as the proportion of cases located outside the modal category.

Answer 38

Variation ratio

Question 39

The score that cuts a distribution exactly in half such that 50% of the scores are above that value and 50% are below

Answer 39

Median

Question 40

p=f/N

Answer 40

Variation ratio formula

Question 41

Descriptive statistics that offer information about where the scores in a particular data set tend to cluster.

Answer 41

Measures of central tendency

Question 42

Can only be used with continuous data.Is always positive

Answer 42

Variance

Question 43

Computed as the square root of the variance, a measure of dispersion that is the mean of the deviation scores.

Answer 43

Standard deviation

Question 44

Logical premises that form a set of predictions about the likelihood of certain events or the empirical results that one would expect to see in an infinite set of trails.

Answer 44

Probability theory

Question 45

A standardized version of a raw score that offers two pieces of information about the raw score.1-how close it is to the distribution mean and2-whether it is greater than or less than the mean.

Answer 45

Z score

Question 46

Also called the 50th percentile

Answer 46

Median

Question 47

A trial with exactly two possible outcomes. Also called a dichotomous or binary variable.

Answer 47

Binomial

Question 48

A distribution of raw scores from a sample or population that is symmetric, unimodal, and has an area of 1.00. -differ from one another in metrics, means, and standard deviations

Answer 48

Normal curve

Question 49

The arithmetic average of a set of data

Answer 49

Mean

Question 50

A measure of dispersion for continuous variables that is calculated by subtracting the smallest score from the largest.-simplest measure of dispersion

Answer 50

range

Question 51

A numerical result from a sample, such as a mean or frequency. Also called observed outcomes.

Answer 51

Empirical outcome

Question 52

The field of statistics in which a descriptive statistic derived from a sample is employed probabilistically to make a generalization or inference about the population from which the sample was drawn.

Answer 52

Inferential statistics

Question 53

The likelihood that a certain event will occur.

Answer 53

Probability

Question 54

A prediction, grounded in logic, about whether or not a certain event will occur.

Answer 54

Theoretical prediction

Question 55

An act that has several different possible outcomes.

Answer 55

Trial

Question 56

An empirical distribution made of raw scores from a population

Answer 56

Population distribution

Question 57

An empirical distribution made of raw scores from a sample

Answer 57

Sample distribution

Question 58

A theoretical distribution made out of an infinite number of sample statistics

Answer 58

Sampling distribution

Question 59

The uncertainty introduced into a sample statistic by the fact that any given sample is only one of an infinite number of samples that could have been drawn from that population

Answer 59

Sampling error

Question 60

The property of sampling distribution that guarantees that this curve will be normally distributed when infinite samples of large size have been drawn

Answer 60

Central limit theorem

Question 61

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution

Answer 61

Standard error

Question 62

A sample statistic, such as mean or proportion

Answer 62

Point estimate

Question 63

A range of values spanning a point estimate that is calculated so as to have certain probability of containing the population parameter

Answer 63

Confidence interval

Question 64

The probability that a confidence interval contains the population parameter. Commonly at 95% or 99%

Answer 64

Level of confidence

Question 65

The opposite of the confidence level; that is the probability that a confidence interval does not contain the true population parameter.

Answer 65

Alpha level

Question 66

A statistical test in which alpha is split in half and placed into both tails of the z or t distribution.

Answer 66

Two-tailed test

Question 67

The process of generalizing from a sample to a population; the use of a sample statistic to estimate a population parameter. Also called hypothesis testing.

Answer 67

Inferential analysis

Question 68

In an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables. H0

Answer 68

Null hypothesis

Question 69

In an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. H1

Answer 69

Alternative hypothesis

Question 70

The erroneous rejection of a true null hypothesis

Answer 70

Type I error

Question 71

The erroneous retention of a false null hypothesis

Answer 71

Type II error

Question 72

Alpha level is the same as

Answer 72

Confidence level

Question 73

The hypothesis testing procedure appropriate when the independent and dependent variables are both categorical, bivariate

Answer 73

Chi-square test of independence

Question 74

The sampling probability distribution for chi-square tests.

Answer 74

X2 distribution

Question 75

Row and column totals in a bivariate contingency table

Answer 75

Marginals

Question 76

The condition in which two variables aren't related to one another; that is, knowing what classpersons or objects fall into on the IV does not help predict which class they will fall into on the DvV

Answer 76

Statistical independence

Question 77

The condition in which two variables are related to one another; that is, knowing what classpersons or objects fall into on the IV helps predict which class they will fall into on the DV

Answer 77

Statistical dependence

Question 78

In SPSS output, the probability associated with the obtained value of the test statistic. When p < a the null hypothesis is rejected

Answer 78

p value

Question 79

Large sample

Answer 79

100 or more

Question 80

% of normal curve between -2/+2

Answer 80

95%

Question 81

UCR

Answer 81

Uniform Crime Report

Question 82

NCVS

Answer 82

National Crime Victimization survey

Question 83

Limitation of UCR

Answer 83

Dark figure of crime

Question 84

Categorical units

Answer 84

Nominal, Ordinal

Question 85

Continuous units

Answer 85

Interval, Ratio

Question 86

Regression

Answer 86

y=a+b(x) (future=past(present))

Question 87

- 2 variables only - Interval or ratio data only - Uses r - r tells strength or direction

Answer 87

Correlation

Question 88

Gender, handedness, favorite color, and religion are examples

Answer 88

Nominal

Question 89

"very dissatisfied," "somewhat dissatisfied," "somewhat satisfied," or "very satisfied."

Answer 89

Ordinal

Question 90

The difference between 30 degrees and 40 degrees represents the same temperature difference as the difference between 80 degrees and 90 degrees.

Answer 90

Interval

Question 91

the amount of money you have in your pocket right now

Answer 91

Ratio