Chapter 1,3,4,5,6 (midterm) Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
People or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, or other orientations toward life
A
Agents of socialization
2
Q
Learning part of a future role because one anticipates it
A
Anticipatory socialization
3
Q
Our definition of reality. We give meaning, we define what they are
A
Beliefs
4
Q
Karl Marx’s term for Capitalists, those who own the means to produce wealth
A
Bourgeoisie
5
Q
Private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition; the investment of capital with the goal of producing profits
A
Capitalist
6
Q
Marx’s term for the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie
A
class conflict
7
Q
A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resources
A
Conflict theory
8
Q
Charles Horton Cooley known for
A
- suggested that to become human beings we must interact with one another, and this interaction is premised on a shared set of SYMBOLS (language).
- Coined the term “Looking-Glass Self” to describe the process by which a sense of self develops. 3 parts:
i. . we imagine how we appear to others around us
ii. . we interpret their reactions
iii. based on our interpretations of the reactions of others, we develop feelings and ideas about ourselves
9
Q
A group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place is members in opposition to the broader culture
A
Counterculture
10
Q
A set of habits and dispositions that give upper/middle class children advantages over children from the working class
A
Cultural capital
11
Q
The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another
A
Cultural diffusion
12
Q
The process by which cultures become similar to one another, and especially by which Western industrial culture is imported and diffused into developing nations
A
Cultural leveling
13
Q
Understanding a people from the framework of its own culture
A
Cultural relativism
14
Q
The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects passed from one generation to the next
A
Culture
15
Q
A term coined by Harold Garfinkel to describe an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individuals self identity and stamping a new one in its place; A ritual designed to strip an individual of his or her identity as a group member – for example, a court Marshall or the defrocking of a priest
A
Degradation ceremony
16
Q
Emile Durkheim is known for
A
determined that individual behaviour is shaped by social forces by comparing suicide rates and determining that increased social integration led to lower rates = social factors underlie the act of suicide
- identified social intergration (the degree to which people are tied to their social group) as a key factor in suicide.
i. altruistic suicide - following death of a dearly loved spouse
ii. anomic suicide - unattainable material wealth -> depression -> suicide contemplation
iii. egoistic suicide - weakened social integration and social ties that inhibit person from committing act.
17
Q
The use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors
A
Ethnocentrism
18
Q
Hold that women are oppressed by gender roles that are products of social, historical, and cultural factors
A
Feminist theories
19
Q
Norms that are not strictly enforced
A
Folkways
20
Q
A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each within a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society is equilibrium.
A
Functional analysis
also known as functionalism and structural functionalism
21
Q
A vague set of rules that govern society. The way in which we respond to a set of rules and regulations in life. Observing behavior governed by abstract rules
A
“game stage” of primary socialization (George H. Mead)
i. Preparatory - learn simple sytems (ages 0-3)
ii. Play - highly immitation, role play, copy (ages 3-6)
iii. GAME - vague set of rules that govern society.
secondary socialization is after childhood and you learn how to act in certain roles (ie. doctor)
22
Q
Different attitudes and behaviors depending on whether we identify as male or female, the social group nudges boys and girls in separate directions.
A
Gender socialization
23
Q
Imagining how people in general might react to our behavior. (“It is wrong to hurt animals”). essential for co-operation and for controlling antisocial desires.
A
Generalized other
24
Q
Groups towards which one feels loyalty
A
in-group
25
Groups towards which one feels antagonism
out-groups
26
A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
language
27
A term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others reactions to us
Looking glass self
28
George Herbert Mead is known for
School of Symbolic Interaction of Children abnd how they act as described in a series of stages
1. Preparatory - (age 0-3) Learn the simple system
2. Play - (age 3-6) Highly imitated, Copying, Role play. Don't understand the general pattern.
3. Game - (age 6-teen) Vague set of rules that govern society. The way in which we respond to a set of rules/regulations in life and how we observe the behaviour governed by these abstract rules.
29
The intended consequences of people's actions designed to help some part of a social system
Intended to help some part of the system
Manifest function
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The unintended consequences of peoples actions that help keep a social system in equilibrium
Unintended consequences that help a system adapt
Latent functions
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Unintended action that hurts or weakens a social system
Latent dysfunction
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The intended action to hurt or weaken a social system
Manifest dysfunction
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The material objects that distinguish a group of people such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry
Material culture
34
Karl Marx is known for
```
Conflict Theory - class struggle is the key to all human history. In each society, one small group controls the means of production and exploits those who do not.
-focused on struggles between the bourgeoisie (small group of capitalists who own the means to produce wealth), and the proletariat (the mass workers they exploit)
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35
Robert Merton (1910-2003) is known for
Stressing the need for sociologists to develop middle range theories - explanations that tied together many research findings but avoid sweeping generalize Asian that attempt to account for everything
- Merton's theories contended that U.S. society's emphasis on attaining material wealth encourages crime and delinquency
36
Norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought to be essential to core values
mores
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A groups ways of thinking (beliefs, values, assumptions) and doing (patterns of behaviour, language and interactions)
non-material culture OR symbolic culture
38
The expectations or rules of behavior that develop out of values
Norms
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Three factors combined to lead to its development
i. Industrial Revolution (mid-ninteenth century)
ii. Imperialism (Empire that differed in cultures)
iii. Success of natural sciences (objective, systematic procedures used to acquire knowledge based on empirical evidence)
Origins of sociology
40
George Hubert Mead school of Symbolic Interaction
| -the stage of 'primary' socialization where role play, copying are highly immitated.
Play Stage (2nd stage) ages 3-6
41
A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and co-operation
Primary group
42
A larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity, whose members are likely to interact on the basis of specific roles
Secondary group
43
the mass of workers who do not own the means of production. (Marx's term for the exploited class)
Proletarian.
44
Weber's term to describe the ideal of self-denying, highly moral life, accompanied by hard work and frugality
Protestant Ethic
45
The groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves
reference groups
46
the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviours
resocialization
47
expression of approval or disapproval given to people fro upholding or violating norms
sanctions
48
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
49
an individual who significantly influences someone else's life
significant other
50
the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside"; the picture we gain of how others see us
self
51
a dynamic and principled process where all members participate in dialogue to achieve and maintain peaceful social relations. To move toward a just and safe society
Social integration
52
the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
social location
53
The process by which people learn the characteristics of their group: the attitudes, values and actions thought appropriate for them
socialization
54
a term used by sociologists to refer to a group of people who share a culture and a territory
society
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the scientific study of society and human behaviour
sociology
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Weber's term for the desire to accumulate capital as a duty - not to spend it, but as an end in itself - and to constantly reinvest it.
Spirit of Capitalism
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the values and related behaviours of a group that distinguish its menbers from the larger culture; a world within a world
subculture
58
Society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
symbolic interaction
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something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with others
symbol
60
a norm so strong that it brings revulsion (disgust) if violated
taboo
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putting oneself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act
taking the role of the other
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a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
theory
63
the standards to which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly; attitudes about the way the world ought to be
values
64
Max Weber (1864-1920) is best known for
His study in the rise of capitalism and why some countries adopted it while others lagged behind.
-He theorized that Protestantism (pushing people to work hard, save money, and invest it)included the set of ideas that were sufficient to jump-start capitalism.
65
Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people became detached or cut loose from the norms that usually guide their behavior
anomie
66
The use of sociology to solve problems - from the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution
Applied sociology
67
Power that people accept as rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power
Authority
68
The belief that the way we act reflects built-in biological traits such as the need to reproduce, the need to survive, and so on
Biological determinism
69
An economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition; the investment of capital with the goal of producing profits
Capitalism
70
A form of social stratification and which ones status is determined by birth and is lifelong
caste system
71
An extended network of relatives
Clan
72
Social ranking; the position someone occupies in society or a social group
Status – class – party
73
Marx's term for awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production
Class consciousness
74
Karl Marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists
False consciousness
75
A cluster of people with in a larger group who choose to interact with one another; an internal faction
Clique
76
Eric Wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory intrests
Contradictory class location
77
William Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations
Cultural lag
78
A value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group
Culture universal
79
The assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, And that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics onto their children
Culture of poverty
80
A sociological theory that stresses how the least industrialized nations became dependent on the most industrialized nations
Dependency theory
81
The idea that the kings authority comes directly from God
Divine right of kings
82
The practice of marrying within one's own group
Endogamy
83
Tax-free "factory sites "where young Asian women are often lured by the promise of good jobs manufacturing products for export
Export processing zones
84
Where performances are given
Front stage
85
Where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances
Backstage
86
The extensive movement of capital and ideas between nations due to the expansion of capitalism
Globalization
87
Embracing a set of skills and way of looking at the world that reflects (rather than questions or challenges) hierarchical social structures
Habitus
88
The ability to individually or collectively resist social pressures and provide for social change
Human agency
89
Beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements
Ideology
90
When countries take over other countries so they can expand their markets and gain access to cheap raw materials
Imperialism
91
Property and income
Wealth
92
The fuzzy area between contract and slavery; people whose passage to another country was paid for in exchange for labor; They paid back the transportation costs by serving their master for a specified period of time
Indentured service
93
The interrelationships among various inequalities
Intersectionality
94
Analysis of social life focusing on broad features of social structure, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; and approach usually used by functionalist and conflict theorists
Macro-sociology
95
Analysis of social life focusing on social interactions; an approach usually used by symbolic interactionists
Micro-sociology
96
Forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, and television, directed to mass audiences
Mass media
97
The tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth
Means of production
98
A form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit
Meritocracy
99
Explanations of human behavior that go beyond a particular observation or research but avoid sweeping generalization that attempt to account for everything
Middleirange theories
100
The theoretical framework where the process by which a Gemeinschaft society is transformed into a Gesellschaft society; transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies
Modernization theory
101
Coined by Michael Harrington, the shift after World War II where the most industrialized nations turned to international markets as a way of controlling the least industrialized nations
Neocolonialism
102
A version of the capitalist economic system based on the realization of a 24-hour global economy, made possible by the rapid expansion of global information and telecommunications technologies
Neoliberalism
103
A group of individuals roughly the same age linked by common interests
Peer group
104
The ability to carry out ones will, even over the resistance of others
Power
105
C. Wright Mill's term for those who rule a country: the top people in the leading corporations, the most powerful generals and admirals of the Armed Forces, and certain elite politicians, who make the nations major decisions
Power elite
106
Respect or regard
Prestige
107
Sociological research whose only purpose is to make discoveries about life in human groups, not to make changes in those groups
Pure or basic sociology
108
The use of objective, systematic observations to test theories
Scientific method
109
A system of social stratification whose essential characteristic is ownership of some people by others
Slavery
110
A large number of people with similar amount of income and education who work at jobs roughly comparable in prestige; according to Weber, a large group of people who rank closely to one another in wealth, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: Capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor
Social class
111
The division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige; applies both to nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group
Social stratification
112
C. Wright Mills term for a sociological vision – a way of looking at the world that allows links between the apparently private problems of the individual and important social issues
Sociological imagination
113
An approach to understanding human behavior that entails placing it within its broader social context
Sociological perspective
114
Ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class
Status consistency
115
Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; a contradiction or mismatch between statuses
Status inconsistency (or discrepancy)
116
The meanings that people give their own behavior
Subjective meanings
117
A place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and are almost totally controlled by the officials who run the place
Total institution
118
An ideal condition in which a sociologist's personal values or biases do not influence social research
value-free
119
A German word used by Weber that is perhaps best understood as "to have insight into someone's situation "
Verstehen
120
Provided the framework for capitalism with merchantilism merchants and they also changed the forms of government and managed to suppress the rest of their equals
absolute monarchs
121
in 1944, delegates from many nations came together to form what is know as today as:
- United Nations
- Security Council
- International monetary fund (IMF)
- World Bank (WB) / International Bank for reconstruction and development (IBRD)
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which later became the World Trade Organization (WTO)
The Bretton Woods Institutions
122
earliest stage of capitalism, where partnerships with absolute monarchs took place in the 15-18th centuries
mercantilism / merchant capitalism
123
the stage of capitalism where it spread to the rest of the industrialized world
Industrialized capitalism
124
The stage of capitalism where industrialized companies in the 19th or 20th century incorporated other countries through imperialism
Monopoly capitalism
125
The stage of capitalism from 1973 onwards. Neoliberal economic's supreme. Supra national framework for capitalism introduced (ie. WTO, NAFTA)
Global capitalism / globalization
126
The rise of capitalism lead to this. industrial development and a politically favourable profit oriented market
Capitalist world economy
127
According to Marx, workers first become conscious of sharing common grievances against capitalists (thus forming a THIS) and eventually develop an awareness of themselves as forming a social class opposed to the bourgeoisie (thus becoming a THIS), the proletariat.
A class in / for itself
128
The hierarchical organization by which a society or community is divided into classes
Class structure
129
when there is a large-scale migration of any one or more groups of people to an area
Colonization
130
the view that in the short run, especially during recessions, economic output is strongly influenced by aggregate (the items) demand (total spending in the economy).
Keynesian economics
131
a central claim within the structural functionalist's of sociological theory. This hypothesis is an attempt to explain social stratification (society's categorization of people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, and derived power).
1. society must make certain that it's positions are filled
2. some positions are more important than others
3. the more important positions must be filled by the more qualified people
4. to motivate the more qualified people to fill these positions, society must offer them greater rewards
The Davis–Moore hypothesis, sometimes referred to as the Davis–Moore theory
132
the general term for a proliferation of massive public debt relative to tax revenues
a debt crisis
133
The act of coming to live permanently in a new area
Immigration
134
Seasonal movement of animals from one region to another
Migration
135
international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., in the United States, of 188 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth
International monetary fund (IMF)
136
A factory in Mexico that is run by a foreign country that exports the products made to that country
maquiladoras
137
C.Wright Mills is best known for
1. criticizing other sociologists
2. arguing that we are living in a post modern period, meaning "the ideas of freedom and reason have become moot; that increase rationality may not be assumed to make for increased freedom"
3. riding a motorcycle, being a rebel and translating many other sociological books into layman's terms
4. coining the term "sociological imagination"
138
an organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country
transnational or multinational corporation
139
is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to others' social location within a given society.
Social Mobility. 3 types
i. exchange - trade-off
ii. structural - hierarchy/society changes
iii. intergenerational - movement of individuals or families into other categories
140
consist of loans provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) to countries that experienced economic crises
Structural adjustment
141
Melvin Tumin is best known for
Pointing out what he saw to be major flaws (4) in the functionalist position
1. how is the importance of a position measured?
2. if stratification worked according to functionalist theory, society would be a meritocracy; that is, all positions would be awarded on the basis of merit.
3. the functionalist view places too much emphasis on money and fringe benefits. These are not the only reasons people take jobs.
4. if social stratification is functional, it ought to benefit almost everyone. In reality, however, social stratification is dysfunctional to many.
142
one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations
United Nations Security Council
143
Immanuel Wallerstein is best known for
Proposing a 'world systems theory'
- he argued that economic, political, social, and cultural interactions have grown between nations. Today, these links are so great that they tie most of the worlds countries together
Also identified 4 groups of interconnected nations
i. Core - those that embrace capitalism
ii. semiperiphery - nations around the Mediterranean whose economies stagnated as a result of their dependence on trade with the core nations
iii. periphery - or fringe nations (eastern European), who were limited to selling cash crops to the core nation, saw their economies develop even less
iv. external area - (Africa/Asia) that were left out of development of capitalism and had very few economic connections with the core nations.
144
a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs.
World Bank - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
145
A theoretical framework where economic, political, social, and cultural interactions have grown between nations. Today, these links are so great that they tie most of the world's countries together.
world systems theory (Immanuel Wallerstein)
146
intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. Deals with regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence
World Trade Organization (WTO) formed in 1995.
| - formerly the General Agreement on Tariff's and Trade (GATT) started in 1948.
