Chapter 7,8,11,12,14,16,18 (final) Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
The transmission of culture from one generation to the next
A
Acculturation
2
Q
the process whereby individuals learn their group’s culture, through experience, observation, and instruction
A
Enculturation
3
Q
To make or become like people of a nation in customs and viewpoint
A
Assimilation
4
Q
Power that people except as a rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power
A
Authority
5
Q
Authority based on an individuals outstanding traits, which attracts followers
A
Charismatic authority
6
Q
Authority based on law or written laws and regulations; also called bureaucratic authority
A
Rational – legal authority
7
Q
Authority based on custom
A
Traditional authority
8
Q
nature vs. nurture can be seen as this
A
biology vs. culture
9
Q
An economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition; The investment of capital with the goal of producing profits
A
Capitalism
10
Q
The concept that birth and residence in a country imparts basic rights
A
Citizenship
11
Q
Power that people do not except as a rightly exercised over them; also called illegitimate power
A
Coercion
12
Q
Sociologist Thornstein Veblen (1912) used the term to describe this fundamental change in peoples orientations. Means that the protestant ethic is replaced with an eagerness to show off wealth by elaborate consumption of goods
A
Conspicuous consumption
13
Q
The use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be a relevant to the actual work
A
Credential society
14
Q
A new or different religion, with few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion
A
Cult
15
Q
Not all intelligent, capable, or skilled people would know a particular answer because children from some backgrounds are more familiar with the concepts
A
Cultural bias
16
Q
In reference to education, the ways schools transmit a society’s culture, especially its core values
A
Cultural transmission
17
Q
A form of democracy in which eligible voters meet together to discuss issues and make their decisions
A
Direct democracy
18
Q
A form of democracy in which voters elect representatives to govern and make decisions on their behalf
A
Representative democracy
19
Q
A hybrid economic system in which capitalism is mixed with state ownership
A
Democratic Socialism
20
Q
A “brand-name” within a major religion, for example, Methodist or Baptist
A
Denomination
21
Q
A form of government in which power is seized by an individual
A
Dictatorship
22
Q
An act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or group
A
Discrimination
23
Q
Where every member of a bureaucracy has a specific task to fulfill, and all tasks are then coordinated to accomplish the purpose of the organization
A
Division of labor
24
Q
A group of careers in the knowledge based segment of the economy and a second group in the natural resource, utilities, and construction sectors
A
The double bubble effect
25
Workers split along racial, ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines; This split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining powers of workers
Dual/Split labour market
26
A religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where one begins and the other leads off; also referred to as state religion
Ecclesia
27
A system of distribution of goods and services
Economy
28
A formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills
Education
29
Having distinctive cultural characteristics
Ethnicity
30
An attempt to win converts
Evangelism
31
The philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal
Feminism
32
The belief that true religion is threatened by modernism and that the faith as it was originally practiced should be restored
Fundamentalism
33
The process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity; another term for the social placement function of education
Gatekeeping
34
Males and females unequal access to resources, power, prestige, status, and property on the basis of their sex
Gender inequality
35
The difference between males and females wages earned based on their sex
Gender pay gap
36
Barriers to social advancement that many women face and some organizations
Glass ceiling (or escalator)
37
The unwritten goals of schools, such as obedience to authority in conformity to cultural norms
Hidden curriculum
38
The formal, highly structured organization, creeds, practices, and rules of conduct intended to assure doctrinal purity and aid believers in their efforts to live by a particular faith
Institutionalized religion
39
The policy of economically exploiting minority groups
Internal colonialism
40
Employment areas dominated by women and usually lower paid that area is dominated by men
Pink ghettos, also known as job ghettos
41
Unrestrained manufacture and trade, loosely "leave-alone"
Laissez-faire capitalism
42
Refers to the exercise of power in everyday life
micropolitics
43
the exercise of large-scale power, the government being the most common example
macropolitics
44
any process of buying and selling; on a more formal level, the mechanism that establishes values for the exchange of goods and services
market
45
the law of supply and demand
market forces
46
Durkheim's term for the unity that comes from being involved in similar occupations or activities
mechanical solidarity
47
Durkheim's term used for the interdependence that results from people needing others to fulfill their jobs, solidarity based on the interdependence brought about by the division of labour
organic solidarity
48
a group discriminated against on the basis of its members physical or cultural characteristics
minority group
49
the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status
dominant group
50
the process by which the Gemeinschaft (Traditional) society is transformed into a Gesellschaft (Industrial) society
Modernization
51
people united by their religious practices
moral community
52
a philosophy or political policy that permits or encourages ethnic variation
multiculturalism (also known as pluralism)
53
a version of the capitalist economic system based on the realization of a 24-hr global economy, made possible by the rapid expansion of global information and telecommunications technologies
neoliberalism
54
authority vested in males; male control of a society or group; a society in which men dominate women
patriarchy
55
the diffusion of power among many interest groups, preventing any single group from gaining control of the government
pluralism
56
the way in which young people are inculcated with beliefs, ideas, and values that embrace the civil order through the education system
political socialization
57
the ability to carry out ones will, even over the resistance of others
power
58
C.Wright Mills term for those who rule a country; the top people in the leading corporations, the most powerful generals and admirals of the armed forces, and certain elite politicians, who make the nations major decisions
power elite
59
an attitude of prejudging, usually in a negative way
prejudice
60
That part of the economy that extracts raw materials from the environment
Primary sector
61
That part of the economy that turns raw materials into manufactured goods
Secondary sector
62
That part of the economy that consists of service oriented occupations
Tertiary sector
63
An electoral system in which seats in a legislature are divided according to the proportion of votes each political party receives
Proportional representation
64
Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self denying, highly moral life, accompanied by hard work and frugality
Protestant ethic
65
Weber's term for the desire to accumulate capital as a duty – not to spend it, but as an end in itself – and to constantly reinvest it
Spirit of capitalism
66
Inherited physical characteristics that distinguish one group from another
Race
67
Prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race
Racism
68
According to Durkheim, beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community
Religion
69
The unemployed; unemployed workers are thought of as being "in reserve" - Capitalists take them "out of reserve" (put them back to work) during times of high production and then lay them off (put them back in reserve) when they are no longer needed
reserve labour force
70
Armed resistance designed to overthrow a government
Revolution
71
The transfer of authority from a charismatic figure to either a traditional or a rational – legal form of authority
Routinization of charisma
72
Durkheim's term for the things set apart or forbidden that inspire fear, awe, reverence, or deep respect
sacred
73
Durkheim's term for common elements of every day life
profane
74
Ceremony or repetitive practice; in this context, religious observances or rites, often intended to evoke awe for the sacred
ritual
75
An individual or group unfairly blamed for someone else's troubles
Scape goat
76
A group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society
sect
77
The policy of keeping racial or ethnic groups apart
Segregation
78
Seeing certain features of an object or situation, but remaining blind to others
Selective perception
79
Robert Mertons term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted
Self fulfilling prophecy
80
The association of behaviors with one sex or the other
Sex typing
81
The association in every society where certain activities are done by one sex or the other
Sex typing of work
82
Social characteristic versus a biological characteristics
gender vs. sex
83
The abuse of one's position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone
Sexual-harassment or assault
84
A function of education that funnels people into a societies various positions
Social placement
85
An economic system characterized by the public ownership of the means of production, central planning, and the distribution of goods without a profit motive
Socialism
86
A political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in some particular territory; commonly known as a country
State
87
A type of economy in which human groups live off the land with little or no surplus
Subsistence economy
88
A form of government that exerts almost total control over the people
Totalitarianism
89
The sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities
Tracking
90
The condition of having to work at a job beneath one's level of training and abilities, or of being able to find only part-time work
Underemployment
91
Exchanges of goods and services that are not reported to the government and thereby escape taxation
Underground economy
92
A form of government in which all power resides with the central government
Unitary state
93
The standard by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly; attitudes about the way the world ought to be
Values
94
An economic system in which individuals own the means of production, but the state regulates many economic activities for the welfare of the population
welfare (state) capitalism
95
Sociologist W.I. Thomas is known for
"if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences".
- what people beleive affects social life, for people act on beleifs, not facts.
- ideas of race are firmly embedded in our culture, rather than scientific fact, influences attitudes and behaviours
96
womens movement that concentrated on winning the vote for women and a radical branch that wanted to reform all the institutions of society
"first wave" women's movement
97
womens movement that began in the 60's to women in the labour force to improve their working conditions, and pay, to gain more equality to men. the goals of this movement were to change work roles, change policies, and prevent violence against women
"second wave" women's movement
98
female infanticide and where it is deemed to be a burden to the family unit to be born female
status of women in China
99
a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality
stereotype
100
a dynamic and principled process where all members participate in dialogue to achieve and maintain peaceful social relations
social integration
101
A perspective that assumes that the state can and does play a limited independent role in the maintenance and stabilization of capitalist society
relative autonomy
102
Durkheim believed there was some form of _____ _____. He believed every society must have some form of solidarity and this is recognizable through our rituals
pre-contractual solidarity
103
from a structural functionalist perspective, the intended purpose of formal education in transmitting such skills is certainly part of socialization
manifest functions of education
104
from a structural-functionalist perspective, the unintended purpose or hidden consequences that help the social system
latent functions of education
105
the acquisition or gradual gathering of something
accumulation
106
the act of using force to control someone or something. : the state of being controlled by force, psychologically or forcefully
repression
107
the process whereby an act, process, or ideology becomes legitimate by its attachment to norms and values within a given society.
legitimation
108
a particular approach to achieving equality between men and women. This philosophy emphasizes the power of an individual person to alter discriminatory practices against women.
liberal feminism
109
branch of feminism that focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a woman's life and argues that liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women's oppression.
socialist feminism
110
a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions, rather than through a purely political process.
radical feminism
111
Herbert Blumers term for an excited group that collectively moves toward a goal
acting crowd
112
Someone who joined a group in order to spy on it and to sabotage it by provoking its members to commit illegal acts
Agent provocateur
113
Extraordinary activities carried out by groups of people; including lynchings, rumors, panics, urban legends, and fads and fashions
Collective behavior
114
A system of government in which the provinces have most of the power and the central government has a little authority
Confederal union
115
A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resources
Conflict theory
116
The violation of norms that are written into law
Crime
117
A public meeting, march, etc. For a political or moral purpose
Demonstration
118
Edwin Sutherland's turn to indicate that associating with some groups results in learning an "excess of definitions" of social deviants and, by extension, a greater likelihood that one will become socially deviant
Differential association
119
Ralph Turner's and Lewis Killian's term for the development of new norms to cope with a new situation, especially among crowds
Emergent norms
120
An explanation for participation in social movements based on the assumption that such movements offer a sense of belonging to people who have weak social ties
Mass society theory
121
Richard Berk's term for the effort people make to minimize the cost and maximize their rewards
Minimax strategy
122
A fear that grips large numbers of people that some evil group or behavior threatens the well-being of society, followed by intense hostility, sometimes violence, toward those thought responsible
Moral panic
123
The condition of being so fearful that one cannot function normally, and may even flee
Panic
124
The view, developed by symbolic interactionists, that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either social deviants or conformity
Labeling theory
125
A reward or positive reaction for approved behavior, for conformity
Positive sanction
126
An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal prison sentence for execution
Negative sanction
127
Another term for post industrial society; it's chief characteristic is the use of tools that extend the humans ability to gather and analyze information, communicate, and travel
Postmodern society
128
a social movement that resists some social change
reactive social movement
129
a thoery that social movements succeed or fail on the basis of their ability to mobilize resources such as money, time, and people's skills
resource mobilization
130
violent crowd behaviour aimed against people and property
riot
131
the incorporation of additional activities into a role
role extension
132
the alteration of culture and societies over time
social change
133
a groups formal and informal means of enforcing its norms
social control
134
the violation of rules or norms
social deviance
135
a large group of people who are organized to promote or resist social change
social movement
136
"blemishes" that discredit a persons claim to a "normal" identity
stigma
137
Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success) but withholds from many the approved means to reach that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal
strain theory
138
often defined as the applications of science, but can be conceptualized as tools (items used to accomplish tasks) and the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
technology and society
139
ant theoretical framework for the alteration of culture over time
theories of social change
140
Edwin Sutherlands term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price-fixing
white-collar crime
141
a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil.
Yanomamo
142
William Ogburn is known for
the theory of social change he offered in 1922. He suggested that technology is the primary engine of progress, but tempered by social responses to it. Thus, his theory is often considered a case of Technological determinism, but is really more than that. Ogburn posited four stages of technical development: invention, accumulation, diffusion, and adjustment.
143
a state of being outside of the workforce
unemployment
144
Reformative seeks to reform part of society and transformative seek to transform the social order itself and replace and to replace it with a new version of the good society (ie. revolutions)
two types of society social movements
145
social movement that want to change some condition that exists not just in their society but also throughout the world
Transnational (global) social movement
146
close observation of a suspected spy or criminal
surveillance
147
Stanley Milgram is known for
Peer shock experiment. participants would deliver up to 450 volts of electrical shock to other participants (recording on a tape) to see how the participants would conform to authourity to keep delivering the shock even when the (recorded fake) participant was pleading to stop
148
Soloman Asch is best known for...
Conformity experiments or the Asch Paradigm were a series of laboratory experiments directed by Solomon Asch in the 1950s that demonstrated the degree to which an individual's own opinions are influenced by those of a majority group.
-how people can be swayed on the way to decide when there are a majority who (to their perception) are wrong
149
cultural products (including values, customs, and traditions) which represent individuals' basic knowledge of what others do and what others think that they should do. Sociologists describe this as informal understandings that govern individuals' behavior in society
Social Norms
150
the goal is to influence public opinion, how people think about some issue. The key to understanding social movements, then, is propaganda: the neutral presentation of information in an attempt to influence people
Social movements and the media
151
This argues that the price of primary commodities declines relative to the price of manufactured goods over the long term, which causes the terms of trade of primary-product-based economies to deteriorate.
Prebish-Singer hypothesis/theory
152
persons and groups interacting in a social system create, over time, concepts or mental representations of each other's actions, and that these concepts eventually become habituated into reciprocal roles played by the actors in relation to each other. When these roles are made available to other members of society to enter into and play out, the reciprocal interactions are said to be institutionalized.
The social construction of reality
153
how self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them
self-labelling
154
initial social movements that are created in order to change society
proactive social movements
155
a vague term that has an appropriately vague definition. It is defined as the decision-making power afforded to police officers
police discretion
156
Phillip Zimbardo is best known for
his 1971 Stanford prison experiment and has since authored various introductory psychology books
157
fleeting acts that do not become part of the self-concept. eventually you simply grow into that role.
primary social deviance
158
girls who are engaged in the "business" part of prostitution are said to think of themselves as prostitutes and are engaged in doing it for a longer period of time
secondary social deviance
159
socially deviant behaviour that is normalized and relabelled as nondeviant. simply put, they reject the judgement that the behaviour is wrong
tertiary social deviance
160
How technological advances change the economy, and what the differences become
Invention discovery diffusion
161
a political belief or theory. You are looking to see if the author has to believe in certain positions on the basis of what they say in the article.
ideological commitment
162
Howard S. Becker is best known for
stating "it is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something socially deviant". in other words, peoples behaviours must be viewed from the framework of the culture in which they take place
163
describes how people are influenced by their peers to adopt certain behaviors, follow trends, and/or purchase items. Examples of this include stock market trends, superstition, home décor
herd mentality
164
based largely on the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. According to functionalism, society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole.
functionalists perspectives
165
a participants importance or centrality of an issue to a person's life, their personal involvement to/for the subject/issue.
Ego-involved participant
