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chapter 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

immunology

A

study of immune system, how body defends itself from foreign invaders.

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2
Q

pathogens

A

microorganism that typically causes disease when it infects a host

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3
Q

antibodies

A

bind specifically to toxins and neutralize their activity

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4
Q

adaptive immune response

A

acquired over lifetime, takes time (up to a week to respond), antigen specific response, has immunological memory, need innate response to trigger adaptive system.

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5
Q

innate immune response

A

functions the same over life, born with it, quick response (within seconds), combats wide range of pathogens, distinguish self from non-self in basic way

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6
Q

antigen

A

any molecule that stimulates an immune response

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7
Q

lymphocytes

A

general term for B cells and T cells

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8
Q

immune system

A

tissues cells and molecules involved in innate immunity and adaptive immunity

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9
Q

immunological recognition

A

one of 4 main purposes of immune response. recognize self vs non-self, detects infections. Both innate and adaptive

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10
Q

immune effector functions

A

one of 4 main purposes of immune response. This is the way to eliminate pathogens, keep infections in check. Both innate and adaptive

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11
Q

immune regulation

A

one of 4 main purposes of immune response. This is how to turn on/off immune system when necessary. Both adaptive and innate

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12
Q

immunological memory

A

one of 4 main purposes of immune response. Remember antigen for dealing with reinfections. Only adaptive response has memory

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13
Q

antigen receptors

A

found on lymphocyte cell surfaces, allows for specific recognition

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14
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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15
Q

bone marrow

A

location of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to common lymphoid progenitors and common myeloid progenitor cells (both located in bone marrow).

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16
Q

lymphatic system

A

system of lymph carrying vessels and peripheral lymphoid tissues through which exteracellular fluid from tissues passes before it is returned to the blood via the thoracic duct

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17
Q

lymph

A

the extracellular fluid that accumulates in tissues and is drained by the lymphatic system to the thoracic duct, which returns it to the blood

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18
Q

lymphoid

A

tissues composed mostly of lymphocytes

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19
Q

myeloid

A

lineage of blood cells that includes all leukocytes but not lymphocytes

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20
Q

macrophage

A

phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms, can also clean up normal cellular debris. Also antigen presenting cells. Derive from common myeloid progenitor. Functions in both innate and adaptive. Found in tissue

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21
Q

monocyte

A

macrophages that are found in blood, precursor to tissue macrophages.

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22
Q

neutrophil

A

granulocyte, involved in phagocytosis and a a great killer. Migrate to site of infection and activate bactericidal mechanisms. Most important and numerous cells in the innate immune system

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23
Q

eosinophil

A

granulocyte, deals with large antibody coated parasites

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24
Q

basophil

A

granulocyte, most rare cell type. Promotion of allergic responses and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity

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25
mast cell
release of granules histamine and active agents in allergic response. Resides in connective tissue throughout the body, thought to combat parasites.
26
dendritic cell
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis, killing is not main job. Rather it links innate and adaptive immune responses by being an antigen presenting cell. Immature DCs in blood but migrates to lymph tissues during immune response and become mature DCs
27
antigen-presenting cell
highly specialized cells that can preocces antigens and display their peptide fragments on the cell surface together with other, co-stimulatory, proteins required for activating naive T cells.
28
natural killer cell
circulates blood stream, derived from common lymphoid progenitor cells. Active in innate response, kills off abnormal self cells (cancer, virally infected host cells).
29
effector lymphocytes
B cells and T cells, which function to kill off infectious pathogens.
30
b lymphocyte (B cell)
mature and naive after leaving bone marrow. Once exposed to antigen it is no longer naive. Differentiates into a plasma cell after exposure (effector B cell). Has B cell receptor (BCR) secreted after exposure to antigen (secretion is the antibody). It is the after the differentiation to plasma cells, that the BCRs are secreted
31
t lymphocyte (t cell)
mature in the thymus, two types cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Each have unique T cell receptor (TCR)
32
b cell receptor (BCR)
cell surface receptor on B cells for specific antigen. Composes of transmembrane immunoglobulin molecule (recognizes antigen) associated with Ig-alpha and Ig-beta chains (which have signaling function). Receptor activation causes differentiation into plasma cells and release of immunoglobulins specific to antigen
33
t cell receptor (TCR)
cell surface receptor for antigen on T lymphocytes. Disulfide linked heterodimer of variable alpha and beta chains in a complex with invariant CD3 and xi proteins (which have a signaling function).
34
plasma cell
Differentiated form of mature/naive B cells. Main antibody secreting cells of the body. Found in medulla of lymph nodes, in splenic red pulp, bone marrow, and mucosal tissues
35
immunoglobulin
protein family to which antibodies and b-cell receptors belong.
36
cytotoxic t cell
differentiate from T cells after exposure to antigen. Kills cells that are infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens
37
helper t cell
differentiate from T cells after exposure to antigen. Provide signals that influence the behavior and activity of other cells. Provide signals to antigen stimulated B cells that influence production of antibody and also signal macrophages that allow them to become more effiecient at killing engulfed pathogens
38
memory cell
B cells and T cells can differentiate into memory cells. They are lymphocytes responsible for long lasting immunity that is created following exposure to disease or vaccination.
39
central lymphoid organs
where lymphocytes are generated (thymus and bone marrow)
40
peripheral lymphoid organs
where adaptive immune responses are initiated (lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa associated lymphoid organs, like tonsils and Peyer's patches)
41
thymus
a central lymphoid organ, where T cells develop. Situated in uppper part of the middle of the chest (behind sternum)
42
cytokine
Generally, a small protein made by a cell that affects the behavior of other cells. Those made by lymphocytes are interleukins. Cytokines act via specific cytokine receptors on the cells that they affect.
43
chemokine
Small chemoattractant protein that stimulates the migration and activation of cells, especially phagocytic cells and lymphocytes. Have a central role in inflammatory responses.
44
inflammation
general term for the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and white blood cells that is initiated by physical injury, infection or a local immune response
45
complement
or complement system. Set of plasma proteins that act together as a defense against pathogens in extracellular spaces. The pathogen becomes coated with complement proteins that facilitate its removal by phagocytes and that can also kill certain pathogens directly. Complement can be activated by classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway
46
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
molecules specifically associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. PAMPs are found on microorganisms but not host cells.
47
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
receptors of the innate immune system (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells) that recognize common molecule patterns on pathogen surfaces (PAMPs). Recognize mannose-rich oligosaccharides, peptidoglycans, and LPS on bacterial cells. Also unmethylated CpG DNA, which has been conserved in many bacteria.
48
antimicrobial enzymes
enzymes that kill microorganisms, such as lysozyme (which digest bacterial cell walls)
49
antimicrobial peptides
amiphipathic peptides secreted by epithelial cells and phagocytes that kills a variety of microbes nonspecifically, mainly by disrupting cell membranes. Include defensins, cathelicidins, and histatins
50
opsinization
the coating of the surface of a pathogen by antibody and/or completement taht makes it more easily ingested by phagocytes
51
zymogen
an inactive form of an enzyme, usually a protease, that must be modified in some way before it can become active. One way of modification is selective cleavage of the protein chain
52
complement activation
the activation of the normally inactive proteins of the complement system that occurs on infection
53
classical pathway
complement activation pathway that is initiated by C1 binding, either directly to bacterial surfaces or to antibody bound to the bacteria, thus flagging the bacteria as foreign
54
c3 convertase
enzyme complex that cleaves C3 to C3b on the surface of a pathogen. C3 convertase of classical and lectin pathwyas is formed from membrane bound c4b complexed with the protease C2a. Alternative pathway C3 convertase is formed from the membrane-bound c3b complexed with protease Bb.
55
membrane attack complex
protein complex composed of the terminal complement proteins, which assembles on pathogen surfaces to generate a membrane-spanning hydrophilic pore, damaging the membrane and causing cell lysis.
56
c5 convertase
enzyme complex that cleaves C5 to C5a and C5b
57
mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
mannose-binding protein present in the blood. It can opsonize pathogens bearing mannose on their surfaces and can activate the complement the complement system via the lectin pathway, which is important for innate immunity
58
complement receptors
cell-surface proteins of various that recognize and bind complement proteins that have become bound to an antigen such as a pathogen. Complement receptors on phagocytes enable them to identify and bind to pathogens coated with complement proteins and to ingest and destroy them
59
phagocytosis
the internalization of particulate matter by cells by a process of engulfment, in which the cell membrane surrounds the material, eventually forming and intracellular vesicle (phagosome) containing the ingested material
60
phagolysosome
intracellular vesicle formed by the fusion of a phagosome (containing the ingested material) and a lysosome, and in which the ingested material is broken down.
61
mannose receptor
a receptor on macrophages that is specific for mannose-containing carbs that occur on the surface of pathogens but not host cells
62
scavenger receptor
receptors on macrophages and other cells that bind to numerous ligands and remove them for the blood. The kupffer cells in the liver are particularly rich in scavenger receptors.
63
fMLP receptor
fMet-Leu-Phe receptor, a patter recognition receptor that recognizes FMet-Leu-Phe, which is specific to bacteria. Found on neutrophils and macrophages. fMet-Leu-Phe acts as chemoattractant
64
reactive oxygen species
superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), produced by phagocytic cells sucha as neutrophils and macrophages after ingestion of microbes, help in killing microbes
65
respiratory burst
an oxygen-requiring metabolic change in neutrophils and macrophages that have taken up opsionized particles by phagocytosis. It leads to the production of toxic metabolites that are involved in killing the engulfed microorganisms
66
pro-inflammatory
tending to induced inflammation
67
cell-adhesion molecules
cell surface proteins of several different types that mediate the binding of one cell to other cells or to extracellular matrix proteins. Integrins, selectins, and membranes of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily are among the cell-adhesion molecules important in the operation of the immune system
68
extravasation
movement of cells or fluid from within blood vessels into the surrounding tissues
69
edema
swelling caused by the entry of fluid and cells from the blood into the tissues. It is one of the cardinal features of inflammation
70
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
innate receptors on macrophages, dendritic cells, and some other cells that recognize pathogens and their products, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Recognition stimulates the receptor-bearing cells to produce cytokines that help initiate immune responses
71
interleukins
a generic name for cytokines produced by leukocytes. abbreviated IL
72
chemotaxis
movement of cells towards chemical signal, often in response to chemokine signal
73
selectins
family of cell-adhesion molecules on leukocytes and endothelial cells that bind to sugar moieties on specific glycoproteins with mucinlike features
74
integrins
heterdimeric cell surface proteins involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. They are important in adhesive interactions between lymphocyte and leukocyte adherence to blood vessel walls and migration into tissues
75
interferon
cytokines (interferon-alpha family, interferon-beta family, and interferon-gamma) that are induced in response to infection IFN-alpha and IFN-beta are antiviral, IFN-gamma has other roles in the immune system
76
Common myeloid progenitor
in bone marrow, gives rise to macrophages,granulocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil), mast cells, and dendritic cells. Cells are mostly active in innate immune response
77
common lymphoid progenitor
in bone marrow, gives rise to mature and naive B cells, T cells and Natural killer cells. Mostly involved in adaptive immunity, but NK cells active in innate immunity

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