chapter 13-15

Question 1

immunodefificiency disease

Answer 1

any inherited or acquired disorder in which some aspect or aspects of host defense are absent or functionally defective

Question 2

antigenic variation

Answer 2

alterations in the surface antigens that occur in some pathogens, from one generation to another. Renders them immune to preexisting antibodies

Question 3

serotype

Answer 3

name given to a strain of bacteria, or other pathogen, that can be distinguished from other strains of the same species by specific antibodies

Question 4

antigenic drift

Answer 4

the process by which influenza virus varies genetically in minor ways from year to year. Point mutations in viral genes cause small differences in the structure of the viral surface antigens

Question 5

antigenic shift

Answer 5

a radical change in the surface antigens of influenza virus, cuased by reassortment of their segmented genome with that of another influenza virus, often from an animal.

Question 6

latency

Answer 6

a state in which a virus infects a cell but does not replicate

Question 7

immunopathology

Answer 7

the damage caused to tissues as the result of an immune response

Question 8

primary immunodeficiency

Answer 8

a lack of immune function that is caused by a genetic defect

Question 9

secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 9

deficiencies in immune function that are a consequence of other diseases, malnutrition, etc

Question 10

autoinflammatory disease

Answer 10

diesease due to unregulated inflammation in absence of infection; it can have a variety of causes, including inherited genetic defects

Question 11

HIV

Answer 11

the causative agent of AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus of the lentivirus family that selectively infects macrophages and CD4 T cells, leading to their slow depletion, which eventually results in immunodeficieny.

Question 12

AIDS

Answer 12

disease caused by infection with HIV, occurs when an infected patient has lost most of their CD4 T cells, so that infections with opportunistic pathogens occur.

Question 13

provirus

Answer 13

the DNA form of a retrovirus when it is integrated into the host-cell genome, where it can remain transcriptionally inactive for long periods

Question 14

allergic reaction

Answer 14

specific response to an innocuous environmental antigen, or allergen, that is caused by preexisting antibody or primed T cells. Allergic reaction can be caused by various mechanisms but the most common is the binding of allergen to IgE bound to mast cells., which causes the release of histamine and other biologically active molecules from the cell that cause the symptoms of asthma, hay fever, ec.

Question 15

allergen

Answer 15

any antigen that elicits an allergic reaction.

Question 16

atopy

Answer 16

a genetically based increased tendency to produce IgE-mediated allergic reactions against innocuous substances.

Question 17

type I hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 17

hypersensitivity reactions involving IgE antibody triggering of mast cells.

Question 18

hyperresponsiveness

Answer 18

the general overractivity of the airways to nonimmunological stimuli, such as cold or smoke, that develops in chronic asthma

Question 19

hygiene hypothesis

Answer 19

change in exposure to ubiquitous microorganisms was a possible cause of the increase in allergy

Question 20

histamine

Answer 20

vasoactive amine stored in mast-cell ganules. Histamine released by antigen binding to IgE bound to mast cells causes dthe dilation of local blood vessels and the contraction of smooth muscle. Producing symptoms of type I hypersensitivity.

Question 21

immediate reaction

Answer 21

in an experimentally induced allergic response, the reaction that occurs within seconds of encounter with antigen.

Question 22

wheal-and-flare reaction

Answer 22

skin reaction observed in allergic individual when an allergen to which they are sensitive is injected in to the dermis. Raised area of skin containing fluid and a spreading, red, itchy inflammatory reaction around it

Question 23

late phase reaction

Answer 23

in an experimentally induced allergic response, the reaction that occurs some hours after initial encounter with an antigen

Question 24

urticaria

Answer 24

the technical term for hives, which are red, itchy skin wheals usually brought on by an allergic reaction.

Question 25

anaphylactic shock

Answer 25

a rapid-onset allergic reaction to antigen that occurs throughout the body. Results from binding of antigen to IgE antibody on connective tissue mast cells throughout the body, leading to the disseminated release of inflammatory mediators.

Question 26

allergic asthma

Answer 26

allergic reaction to inhaled antigen, which causes constriction of the bronchi and difficulty breathing.

Question 27

type II hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 27

hypersensitivity reactions involving IgG antibodies against cell-surface antigens or matrix antigens.

Question 28

type III hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 28

hypersensitivity reactions involving damage caused by the formation of antigen:antibody complexes.

Question 29

serum sickness

Answer 29

self-limiting immunological hypersensitivity reaction originally seen in response to the therapeutic injection of large amounts of foreign serum (drugs like penicillin). Caused by formation of immune complexes of the antigen and the antibodies formed against it, which become deposited in the tissues, especially the kidneys.

Question 30

celiac disease

Answer 30

a chronic condition of the upper small intestine caused by an immune response directed at gluten. Gut wall becomes chronically inflamed the villi are destroyed and the gut's ability to absorb nutrients is compromised

Question 31

autoimmunity

Answer 31

adaptive immunity specific for self antigens

Question 32

self-tolerance

Answer 32

failure to make an immune response against the body's own antigens

Question 33

autoantibodies

Answer 33

an antibody specific for self antigens

Question 34

autoantigens

Answer 34

a self antigen to which the immune system makes a response

Question 35

central tolerance

Answer 35

immunological tolerance to self antigens that is established while lymphocytes are developing in central lymphoid organs

Question 36

peripheral tolerance

Answer 36

tolerance acquired by mature lymphocytes in the peripheral tissues.

Question 37

immunologically privilege sites

Answer 37

certain sites in the body such as the brain that do not mount an immune response against tissue allografts. Immunological privelage can be due to both phsyical barriers to cell and antigen migration and to the presence of immunosupressive cytokines.

Question 38

regulatory tolerance

Answer 38

a

Question 39

epitope spreading

Answer 39

a

Question 40

molecular mimicry

Answer 40

a