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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

Science is the organized body of what?

A

Knowledge that is derived from such observations and that can be verified or tested by further investigation.

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1
Q

Science is the systematic observation of what?

A

Natural events and conditions in order to discover facts about them and to formulate laws and principles based on these facts.

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2
Q

Science is the study of what?

A

Any specific branch of this general body of knowledge, such as biology, physics, geology, astronomy.

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3
Q

What makes up natural science?

A

Our environment = natural environment

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4
Q

What are natural processes?

A

Material that comes from Earth.

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5
Q

Why is science successful?

A
  1. We have improved the standard of living.
  2. Expanded our ability to travel and communicate.
  3. Enhanced our ability to travel and communicate.
  4. We have conquered terrible diseases.
  5. Explored the universe.
  6. Learned extraordinary amount in a very short time.
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6
Q

Give an example of a natural process.

A

Growing a plant.

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7
Q

What types of questions does science ask?

A

Why?

How?

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8
Q

What guides science?

A

Laws

Principles

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9
Q

What does science study?

A

The laws and principles that govern science.

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10
Q

Has science made a big impact?

A

Yes, science has made a big impact.

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11
Q

What is peer review?

A

Been examined by other professionals in your field.

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12
Q

Give some examples of professional journals.

A

Journal of Ecology

Journal of Nutrition

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13
Q

What is Frontier science?

A

Is information from ongoing research efforts reported at scientific meetings and/or interned.

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14
Q

What level of peer review does Frontier Science go through?

A

0 level

No peer review

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15
Q

What is primary scientific literature?

A

Is contained in the scientific Journals most often published by organizations within the scientific community.

Is more reliable than the frontier knowledge.

At least one level of peer review.

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16
Q

What level of peer review does primary scientific literature go through?

A

1st level of peer review

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17
Q

What is secondary scientific literature?

A

Consists of review articles and monographs that sift and synthesize the primary literature.

Includes another level of peer review.

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18
Q

What level of peer review does secondary scientific literature go through?

A

2nd level of peer review

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19
Q

What is textbook science?

A

Is the result of more sifting of the research information and the secondary literature.

Generally, this is the most reliable of scientific knowledge, provided the author of the text was fair and impartial in the presentation of the material.

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20
Q

What level of review is textbook science?

A

3rd level of peer review

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21
Q

What is biology?

A

The scientific study of life.

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22
Q

How does science differ from other fields of studies?

A

By its process, which often involve the use of a scientific method.

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23
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment/further observations
  4. Conclusion
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24
What types of observations might a scientist use?
1. Smell, touch, taste, temperature changes 2. Macroscopic and microscopic observations 3. Previous literature, contacts with relevant researcher, presentations at seminars/conferences
25
What does a scientist do after observing a phenomenon?
We make observations And gather knowledge
26
What do we do after an observation?
A scientist uses his/her inductive reasoning ( i.e. Creative thinking) to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole.
27
What is a hypothesis based on?
Existing knowledge And therefore more informed than a mere guess
28
What can a hypothesis be supported by?
Further studies
29
What happens if a hypothesis is not supported by further study?
It's modified And subjected to further study or rejected.
30
When do scientists consider hypotheses?
That can be tested by experiments | Or further observations (testable hypotheses)
31
What are experiments?
A series of procedures to test a hypothesis
32
What is experimental design?
The manner in which the scientist intends to conduct the experiment The design must be testing what it needs to test And the results must be meaningful.
33
Give an example of experimental design.
Investigation to determine the effect of fertilizer on plant growth
34
Give an example of an experimental variable.
Fertilizer
35
Give an example of test groups.
Plants given different levels of fertilizer.
36
Give an example of a control group.
Plants without fertilizer.
37
What could make an experiment invalid?
If a control group shows the same results as a test group.
38
What is a model?
It is a representation of an actual object.
39
What happens if it's impossible to study an actual phenomenon?
A model remains a hypothesis in need of testing.
40
What is data?
The results of an experiment.
41
How is mathematical data often displayed?
In the form of a graph or a table.
42
Are scientists skeptics who always pressure each other to keep investigating?
Yes
43
Why is data analyzed?
In order to reach a conclusion about whether a hypothesis is supported or not.
44
What happens if the results do not support the hypothesis?
It can be used to formulate another hypothesis to be tested.
45
Where are findings reported?
Into scientific journals
46
Why are findings reported in scientific journals?
So that their methodology and data are available to other scientists.
47
Why must experiments and observations be repeatable?
So that the reporting scientists and any scientist who repeats the experiment must get the same result.
48
What if the experiment is not repeatable?
The data are suspect.
49
What is the ultimate goal of science?
Is to understand the natural world in terms of scientific theories.
50
What are scientific theories?
Which are accepted explanations for how the world works.
51
Name some theories of biology.
Cell Theory Gene Theory Theory of Evolution
52
What is the cell theory?
All organisms are composed of cells.
53
What is the Gene Theory?
Inherited information dictates the form, function, and behavior of organisms
54
What is the Theory of Evolution?
All organisms have a common ancestor And each one is adapted to a particular way of life.
55
What is the unifying concept of biology?
The Theory of Evolution
56
Why is the Theory of Evolution the unifying concept of biology?
Because it pertains to many different aspects of organisms.
57
What aspects of organisms does the theory of evolution point to?
1. Enables scientists to understand the history of life 2. The variety of organisms 3. And the anatomy, physiology, and development of organisms
58
What has the Theory of Evolution enabled scientists to do?
To generate new testable hypothesis
59
How long has the theory of evolution been supported for?
Over 100 years.
60
Why has the Theory of Evolution been supported for so long?
By many observations and experiments as a consequence
61
What do some biologists refer to the theory of evolution as?
As the Principle of Evolution Or the Law of Evolution
62
Is there diversity in life?
Yes, life is very diverse.
63
Do organisms share certain characteristics?
Yes
64
What do the shared characteristics of organisms reveal?
The nature of life And also enable us distinguish between organisms and non-living things
65
How complexly organized are living things?
They are very complexly organized, from the smallest to the largest.
66
What do small molecules to large molecules to cells have in common?
Basic structural units of life Basic functional units of life
67
Give an example of an unicellular life form.
Protista Protozoa
68
Name two different types of multicellular organisms.
Plants Animals
69
How many different cell types are plants and animals composed of?
``` 5 Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Complex organism ```
70
What are the levels of organization in an organism?
``` Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Complex organism level ```
71
What are the levels of the chemical level?
Atoms Molecules Organelles
72
What does Protista mean?
One-celled
73
What do organisms acquire?
Materials Energy
74
What does food provide?
Nutrients and energy To maintain organization Homeostasis
75
What are some examples of metabolic activities?
Photosynthesis Respiration
76
What is another name for metabolic activities?
Chemical reactions
77
What is metabolism?
Chemical process
78
What does responding to their environment do for organisms?
It's the behavior of the organisms Often results in movement
79
How do microorganisms react to light and chemicals?
Microorganisms move away or toward light and chemicals
80
What do birds do during seasons?
They migrate
81
How far away can vultures smell meat?
A mile away
82
Give an example of external stimulus.
Cold weather outside
83
What do living things arise from?
Other living things
84
Are living things capable of reproducing themselves?
Yes
85
How do microorganisms reproduce themselves?
Cell division Mitosis
86
What is mitosis?
Cell division
87
How do multicellular organisms reproduce?
By the fusion of a sperm and egg cell
88
What are the levels of reproduction of multicellular organisms?
``` Sperm + egg = fertilization Zygote Preembyro Fetus Immature individual/grows Adult ```
89
Where do genes come from?
DNA
90
Where are our genes inherited from?
Our parents
91
What are our genes?
They're specific, and characterize a species.
92
Why do organisms reproduce?
Continuity of species Growth
93
What does development lead to?
Attain adult size
94
How are traits inherited?
Parents pass their traits to their offspring
95
Do living things have adaptions?
Yes
96
What are adaptions?
Adaptions are modifications that make an organism suited to it's way of life (environment)
97
What are some examples of adaptions?
``` Flying Swimming Land dwelling Mode of feeding Etc. . . ```

Biological Science (5 decks)

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