Chapter 1-4 Flashcards
Why to study biology?
Biology: The scientific study of life
Science: The systematic method of inquiry in search for answers
Awareness and appreciation of life
Important in every-days decisions of life
DNA–Blueprint of life
Living organisms reproduce themselves
DNA is the hereditary material of all living organisms
Reproduction of living organisms follows hereditary information
Multicellular organisms reproduce by many different means
(Seeds develop into mature plants, an egg and a sperm combine to form a new organism)
Single-celled organisms reproduce by producing two genetically identical individual cells
They use hereditary material as the basis for this reproduction
DNA is found in almost every cell of all living things
(Although some cells may not have DNA, such as red blood cells, at one point they did)
Development
Living organisms grow and develop
Organisms grow in size and complexity
Growth is directed by the organism’s DNA, which serves as a blueprint
Energy to persist
Organisms collect energy from their environment, to grow and develop
Some use the energy of sunlight
-Capture sun’s energy via photosynthesis
-Convert sunlight to chemical energy and sugars
Some use energy from other living organisms, consume plants or animals
Sensing the environment, sensing the inner environment
Homeostasis: process of maintaining internal condition
Organisms sense and respond to internal conditions
The Biological hierarchy low and mid level
Low-level Mid-level *Organ systems -Heart and blood vessels -Work together to pump blood
- Individual organisms
- Organ systems functioning together
- Each system supports other systems
- Population
- Group of similar organisms/individuals
- All mice living in one field
The Biological hierarchy High level
Top-level
Community
- Groups of different species/organisms
- Live and interact in a certain area
Ecosystems
-Communities and their physical environment
Biomes
-Large regions defined by
distinctive characteristics
Biosphere
Disintegration and Reconstitution
disintegration and reconstitution
versus
growth and division
Are they alive?
Like living organisms:
- Contain DNA (not always)
- Reproduce
- Evolve
Unlike living organisms: -Not made of cells: (Just genetic material and protein) -Lack homeostasis, reproduction, and energy collection (Depend on cells to do these functions)
Viruses, are they organisms?
Influenzavirus Lambda Ebola virus Orthopoxvirus Mastadenovirus HIV-1 virus
Lecture 2
Diversity of life
Characteristics of life
Living Organisms:
○ Are composed of cells ○ Reproduce using DNA ○ Grow and develop ○ Actively take in energy from their environment ○ Sense their environment and respond to it ○ Maintain constant internal conditions ○ Can evolve as groups
A need for organization
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Life
Evolution
tries to explain the relationship between different organisms on the globe.
Genealogist
Biologist who studies relationships from generation to the next.
Family Trees
Summary of relationship between related organisms
* In order to study relationships between organisms we mostly use DNA. * Everything is written with DNA
Systematic:
Biologist who studies relationships among groups of organisms
Evolutionary trees:
- Summary of the relationship of groups of organisms.
- Hypothesis of evolutionary relationships.
- May predict a behavior characteristic
Evolutionary convergent features:
- Shared features not from common ancestor
* Shared features evolved independently
Evolutionary derived features:
- Shared features from common ancestry
- Descendants share features
- Group of close relatives
- Each level has unique shared features
DNA:
- Appearance and function based on DNA,which serves as a blueprint
- Show evolutionary relationships among different groups
- Enable to compare groups with little apparent similarities (Example: comparing bacteria, plants, animals
- Shared characteristics of DNA show relatedness between groups
Evolutionary trees:
- Can be used to help make predictions
- Based on shared derived features
- Prediction of characteristics and behaviors of related organisms.
Linnean Hierarchy
• Genus: Homo
• Species: Sapiens
Subspecies: Sapiens
The Classification System
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Primates
- Family: Homindae
- Genus: Homo
- Species: H. Sapiens
- Subspecies: H. s. sapiens
Classification of organisms
Two Kindoms described by Linnaues
• Plants and animals
• Other classifications
• Five to eight kingdoms
a.) Six-Kingdom System
○ Bacteria Archea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
b.) Three- domain system
○ Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
**Three domains of life
The highest level: the domains
• Bacteria (Came first to world)
○ Bacteria
• Archaea (Came second to world) ○ Archaea • Eukarya ( came last to world. ○ Diplomonads, Cilates and Kin, Datoms and Kin, Plants, Fungi, Animals ○ Fungus is more similar to animal than plant. ○ Animals latest to appear on earth.
Fourth domain of life:
Acytota
-No cell
Fourth domain of life:
• Acytota
○ No cell
Otsi the iceman….. 5000 years old?
Horizantal versus vertical gene transfer
- Vertical: Genes moved from generation to the next
- Horizantal: Genes moved between lineages
- Vertical transfer is from mother to child.
- Genome is 7% virus and 93% human
We are 98% homologous to chimpanzees.
• We are that similar
Lecture 3
The major groups of organisms
