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Psychology 160 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Psychosocial

A

In late adulthood

Emotion, relationships, personality

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2
Q

Cognitive

A

The way you think

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3
Q

Biosocial

A

Physical growth

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4
Q

Critical period

A

Time when a particular type of development growth must happen if it is ever going to happen

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5
Q

Sensitive period

A

A time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen or happens most easily, although it may still happen later with more difficulty.

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6
Q

Sensitive period

A

early childhood is considered this for language learning

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7
Q

Microsystem

A

detailed relationships

immediate, direct influences

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8
Q

Microsystem

A

family, school, neighborhood, peer group, house of worship

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9
Q

Mesosystem

A

interaction of systems

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10
Q

Mesosystem

A

best friends with boyfriend, parents with teachers, coaches with parents

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11
Q

Exosystem

A

institutions in society that effect you

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12
Q

Exosystem

A

parents workplace

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13
Q

Macrosystem

A

attitudes of culture you are apart of

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14
Q

Macrosystem

A

economy, education system, politics, social conditions

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15
Q

Chronosystem

A

passing of time, events

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16
Q

Chronosystem

A

9/11, societal events

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17
Q

cohort

A

a group defined by the shared age of its members who because they were born at the same time move through life together, experiencing the same historical events and cultural shifts

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18
Q

culture

A

a system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumption (race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status)

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19
Q

Social construction

A

An idea based on shared perceptions not on objective reality

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20
Q

Social construction

A

Childhood, adolescence, yuppie, senior citizen

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21
Q

Epigenetic

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A

referring to the effects of environmental forces on the expression of an individuals or a species genetic inheritance

22
Q

Behaviorism

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A

A theory of human development that studies observable behavior

23
Q

conditioning

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A

the process by which response become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. Emphasize the importance of repeated practice

24
Q

Classical conditioning

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A

a learning process in which a meaningful stimulus food gradually comes to be connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before the learning process

25
Operant conditioning
A learning process in which a particular action is followed either by something desired or by something unwanted
26
Cognitive Theory
A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. Our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
27
Sensorimotor
Infants use senses and motors abilities to understand the world, learning is active there is no conceptual or reflective thought (birth-2)
28
Preoperational
Children think magically and poetically, using language to understand the world. Thinking is egocentric causing children to perceive the world from their own perspective (2-6)
29
Concrete operational
Children understand and apply logical operations. or principles to interpret experiences objectively and rationally. Their thinking is limited to what they can personally see hear, touch ad experience (6-11)
30
Formal operational
Adolescents and adults think about abstractions and hypotetical concepts and reason analytically, not just emotionally. They can be logical about things they have never experienced (12-adulthood)
31
Assimilation
new experiences are interpreted to fit into or assimilate with old ideas
32
Accomodation
old ideas are reconstructed to include or accommodate new experiences
33
Humanism
A theory that stresses the potential of all human beings for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs regardless of culture, gender, or background
34
Scientific observation
A method of testing hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants behavior in a systematic and objective manner-in natural setting
35
experiment
a research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause and effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one and then observing and recording the ensuing changes in the other
36
Independent variable
the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable
37
dependent variable
the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds. depends on the independent variable
38
survey
a research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questions, or some other means
39
case study
As in depth study of one person usually requiring personal interviews to collect background information and various follow up discussions, tests, questionnaires and so on
40
cross-sectional research
a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics
41
longitudinal research
a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed
42
cross-sequential
a hybrid design in which researchers first study several groups of people in different ages and then follow those groups over the years
43
correlation
A number that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables expressed in terms of the likelihood that one variable will occur when the other variable does
44
positive correlation
1 increases the other increases
45
negative correlation
1 increases the other decreases
46
zero correlation
no relationship between one another
47
ethics
ensure participation is voluntary, confidential and harmless ensure participants understand the research procedures and any risks promote research accuracy and honesty study report data on many issues
48
Plastic
you can shape it, people adapt
49
Multicultural
many cultures
50
Multicontextual
effected lots of contexts
51
Multidirectional
starting in one place and improving or going backwards

Psychology 160 (3 decks)

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