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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of stucture - how things are built

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of function - how things work

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Visible with the naked eye

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4
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Must use miscroscope

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5
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

body systems. e.g. Cardiovascular

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6
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Structural changes from conception to death

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7
Q

Physiology Focus

A

mainly on function at the cellular and molecular levels

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8
Q

Neurophysiology

A

nervous system functions

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9
Q

Renal Physiology

A

Kidneys

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10
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology

A

Heart and Blood Vessels

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11
Q

Structural Organization Levels

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism

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12
Q

Chemical

A

atoms form to combine molecules

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13
Q

Cellular

A

cell is the basic unit of life, molecules combine to form cellular structures

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14
Q

Tissue

A

groups of cells with a common function

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15
Q

Organ

A

A group of two or more tissues forming a specific structure. e.g. heart consists of cardiac muscle and connective tissue

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16
Q

System

A

Two or more organs working toward a common goal. e.g. Cardiovascular is the heart AND blood vessels

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17
Q

Organism

A

one complete being

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18
Q

Necessary Life Functions

A

Maintain Boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

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19
Q

Maintain Boundaries

A

keep internal environment separate from external environment

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20
Q

Movement

A

All activities caused by muscles

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21
Q

Responsiveness

A

Sensing Changes in environment

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22
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical rxns in the body.
BREAK DOWN - Large into small
BUILD LARGER- small into large

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23
Q

Excretion

A

removing wastes from the body (urinary system)

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24
Q

Reproduction

A

producing offspring

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25
Growth
increase in organ or body size (cell numbers)
26
Survival Needs
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water Body Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure
27
Nutrients
chemicals for fuel and building blocks for growth
28
Carbohydrates
main fuel
29
Proteins
building blocks for new structures
30
Fats
lipids - energy storage and some building
31
Oxygen
required to "burn fuel" burn, create ATP oxidateive reactions
32
Water
the most abundant substance in the body 60-80% of body weight is water required for and produced by chem rxns
33
Body Temperature
must be at 37 Centigrade (98.6F)
34
Body Temp too cold
chem rxns slow down
35
Body Temp too hot
enzymes that cauase chemical rxns to occur are temp dependant will break down
36
Maintaining body temp
body heat is mainly generated by skeletal muscles
37
Atmospheric Pressure
required to move respiratory gasses
38
Homeostasis
the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment within limits
39
Homeostatic Control Mechanism Components
1. Receptor - sensor that monitors ( e.g. thermoreceptor) 2. Control Center - contains a set point responds to receptor (e.g. 37C) 3. Effector - something that can bring about a change. (e.g. muscle shiver)
40
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Heating and A/C systems | Eating a candy bar
41
Eating a Candy Bar
Candy bar ate...Blood glucose rises, insulin is released to cause cells to uptake glucose and blood glucose falls to normal
42
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Rare in Normal Systems (blood clotting, oxytocin in childbirth are exceptions) Positive feedback usually indicates pathology
43
Homeostatic Imbalance
Can be considered disease (pathological process)
44
Superior
above ; Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
45
Inferior (caudal)
below; Away from the head end or twoard the lower part of a structure or the body
46
Anterior (ventral)
in front of ; toward or at the front of the body
47
Posterior (dorsal)
behind; toward or at the back of the body; behind
48
Medial
on the inner side of; toward or at the midline of the body
49
Lateral
on the outer side of; away from the midline of the body
50
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
51
Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
52
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
53
Superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
54
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal`
55
Saggital Plane(and section)
divides the body into R and L portions
56
Midsagital
exactly on the midline
57
Parasagital
off the midline
58
Frontal (coronal) plane and section
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
59
Transverse plane and section
divides the body into superior and inferior portions - cross section
60
Dorsal Cavity
closest to the posterior surface of the body Cranial Cavity Vertebral Cavity
61
Ventral Cavity
Anterior to dorsal - encloses internal organs
62
Thoracic Cavity
Superior part of ventral - ribs and muscles form wall contains pleural and pericardial cavities
63
Pleural Cavity
Lungs. R + L separate
64
Pericardial Cavity
Houses Heart, located within the mediastinum
65
Abdominopelvic cavity
inferior to thoracic - separated by diaphragm - abdominal and pelvic cavities
66
Abdominal Cavity
contains stomach, intestines, etc.
67
Pelvic Cavity
no true barrier between abdominal and pelvic cavities
68
Ventral Cavity Membranes
found on inner walls of the ventral cavity and outer surface of internal organs
69
Serous Membrane (serosa)
Double layered structure of ventral cavities only.
70
Parietal Serosa
line the inner walls of cavities
71
Visceral Serosa
covers surface of organs
72
Serous fluid
found in the potential space between visceral and parietal serosa - reduces friction caused by movment
73
Visceral Pericardium
found on heart surface
74
Parietal Pleura
lines cavitiy in which each lung resides.
75
Abdominopelvic serosa
peritoneum

Human Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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