Chapter 1

Question 1

sensory neurons

Answer 1

afferent, transmit sensory info to brain and spinal cord

Question 2

motor neurons

Answer 2

efferent; transmit motor info from brain and spinal cord to muscles

Question 3

interneurons

Answer 3

between other neurons; responsible for reflexes, controlled by reflex arcs (neural circuits)

Question 4

somatic nervous system

Answer 4

sensory and motor neurons; under voluntary control

Question 5

autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

manages involuntary muscles; regulates heartbeat, respiration, body temp; independent of voluntary control; 2 branches: sympathetic &parasympathetic

Question 6

Parasympathetic

Answer 6

role is to conserve energy; resting and sleeping states; rest and digest

Question 7

sympathetic

Answer 7

activated by stress; fight or flight; increased HR, increased blood flow to muscles, increased blood glucose, decreased digestion

Question 8

meninges

Answer 8

protective tissue that covers brain & keeps brain anchored within skull; three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 9

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 9

aqueous solution within brain and spinal cord

Question 10

ventricles

Answer 10

inner cavities of brain

Question 11

pons

Answer 11

contains sensory and motor pathways

Question 12

cerebellum

Answer 12

coordinates body movements, maintains posture and balance

Question 13

midbrain

Answer 13

receives sensory and motor info from rest of body; contains superior and inferior colliculi

Question 14

cortical maps

Answer 14

by electrically stimulating neurons in specific brain region, specific muscle movement can be produces

Question 15

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 15

place several electrodes on scalp and measure electrical activity of brain

Question 16

regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

Answer 16

noninvasive mapping procedure; detects neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of brain

Question 17

thalamus

Answer 17

relay for sensory info

Question 18

hypothalamus

Answer 18

controls endocrine processes, acts as homeostatic thermostat

Question 19

basal ganglia

Answer 19

coordinate muscle movement, make our movements smooth; component of extrapyramidal motor system

Question 20

septal nuclei

Answer 20

primary pleasure center in brain

Question 21

amygdala

Answer 21

role in fear processing and aggression

Question 22

hippocampus

Answer 22

learning and memory; consolidates info to form long-term memories

Question 23

anterograde amnesia

Answer 23

not able to make new long-term memories

Question 24

retrograde amnesia

Answer 24

memory loss of events before brain damage

Question 25

cerebral cortex

Answer 25

outer surface of brain; contains bumps (gyri) and folds (sulci)- increases surface area; divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres

Question 26

Broca's area

Answer 26

important for speech production

Question 27

prefrontal cortex

Answer 27

integrates input from different brain regions (association area), executive functioning

Question 28

somatosensory cortex

Answer 28

destination for all incoming sensory signals

Question 29

visual cortex/striate cortex

Answer 29

back of brain (occipital), visual processing

Question 30

auditory cortex

Answer 30

primary site for sound processing

Question 31

Wernicke's area

Answer 31

language reception and comprehension

Question 32

dominant hemisphere

Answer 32

usually the left; primarily analytic, language, logic, comprehension skills

Question 33

non-dominant hemisphere

Answer 33

associated with intuition, creativity, spatial processing, music cognition

Question 34

Catecholamines

Answer 34

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, control alertness and arousal; promote fight or flight response

Question 35

Dopamine

Answer 35

catecholamine that is important for movement and posture

Question 36

Serotonin

Answer 36

regulates mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming

Question 37

GABA and glycine

Answer 37

inhibitory effects through hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

Question 38

glutamate

Answer 38

excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 39

endorphins/enkephalins

Answer 39

natural painkillers produced in brain

Question 40

anterior pituitary

Answer 40

under control by hypothalamus; regulates secretion of endocrine glands

Question 41

adaptive value

Answer 41

extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits the species

Question 42

neurulation

Answer 42

ectoderm furrows, forming the neural groove; at 3-4 weeks gestational age

Question 43

umbilical cord

Answer 43

connects fetus to placenta, which supplies food, oxygen, and water

Question 44

rooting reflex

Answer 44

in infants; automatic turning of head in response to stimulus that touches cheek (nipple)

Question 45

Moro reflex

Answer 45

infants react to abrupt movements of their head by flailing their arms and crying

Question 46

Babinski reflex

Answer 46

causes toes to spread apart automatically when sole of foot is stimulated

Question 47

social development of infant

Answer 47

stranger anxiety: fear of unfamiliar people | separation anxiety: fear of being away from parents

Question 48

Parallel play

Answer 48

develops around age 2; children play alongside each other but not with each other