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Biological Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The comparative approach

A

Trying to understand biological phenomena by comparing them across different species.

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2
Q

The fact that the brain continuously grows and changes in response to the individual’s genes and experiences is called…

A

Neuroplasticity

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3
Q

Before Neuroplasticity, most neuroscientists described the brain as thus…

A

A static network of neurons wired together.

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4
Q

Define biopsychology.

A

The study of human behavior, emotions, and thought-processes as it relates to the biology of the human body and brain.

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5
Q

When did biopsychology emerge and who played a role in its emergence?

A

Late 1940’s, D.O. Hebb

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6
Q

What was Hebb’s proposed theory in his book, “The Organization of Behavior?”

A

Complex psychological phenomena (perceptions, emotions, thoughts, and memories) may be produced by brain activity.

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7
Q

How does biopsychology interact with other disciplines of neurology?

A

Biopsychologists gather knowledge from the other fields and apply it to the study of behavior.

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8
Q

What are the six other disciplines of neuroscience that are relevant to biopsychology?

A

Neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neuroendocrinology, neuropathology, neuropharmacology, and neurophysiology.

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9
Q

What are some of the advantages of non-human subjects in research?

A

1) because their brains and behaviors are simpler, they are more likely to reveal brain-behavior interactions
2) comparative approach allows for further insight
3) ethics that apply to humans sometimes don’t apply to non-humans

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10
Q

What are some advantages that humans have over non-human subjects for research?

A

1) they are cheaper; no cost for maintaining animal laboratory
2) able to communicate and report subjective experiences
3) they can follow instructions

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11
Q

What is the difference between: within-subject design and between-subject design?

A

Between-subject design: When the same group of subjects is tested under each condition

Within-subject design: When a different group of subjects is tested under each condition

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12
Q

Define the independent, dependent, and confound variables

A

IV: variable that is manipulated to test a hypothesis
DV: variable that is being measured
CV: a variable that affects the outcome (DV) but is not controlled for

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13
Q

The evolutionary perspective

A

Consideration of environmental impact that led to the evolution of the brain and behavior.

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14
Q

Define Quasi-experimental studies and explain a shortcoming of this method.

A

Research done on groups of subjects already exposed to conditions in the real world. They can contain many confounding variables.

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15
Q

Define case studies and explain a shortcoming of this method.

A

Study that focuses on a single individual. It may not be generalizable, i.e., the results may not always apply to other cases.

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16
Q

What is the difference between pure research and applied research?

A

Pure research is conducted for the sole purpose of acquiring knowledge. Applied research is intended to bring about some direct benefit to humankind.

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17
Q

The study of neural mechanisms of behavior is called…

A

Physiological psychology

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18
Q

How are studies done in physiological psychology?

A

Through controlled experiments in non-humans by direct manipulation of the brain and nervous system.

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19
Q

The study of the effects of drugs on the brain and human behavior is called…

A

Psychopharmacology

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20
Q

The study of the psychological effects of brain damage in human patients is called…

A

Neuropsychology

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21
Q

The study of neural mechanisms of cognition through the use of functional brain imaging is called…

A

Cognitive neuroscience

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22
Q

The study of the relation between psychological activity and psychological processes is called…

A

Psychophysiology

23
Q

Psychophysiology is studied by…

A

Noninvasive physiological recording in human subjects.

24
Q

Comparing different species to understand evolution, genetics and adaptiveness of behavior is called…

A

Comparative psychology

25
Q

Comparative psychology often involves ethological research. This is defined as…

A

The study of animal behavior in its natural environment.

26
Q

Define and describe Korsakoff’s syndrome.

A

A condition characterized by severe memory loss in alcoholics. It also occurs in nonalcoholics who are deficient in thiamine. Damage is accelerated by alcohol.

27
Q

Using multiple approaches to address a single question is called…

A

Converging operations

28
Q

Electroencephalogram or EEG

A

The noninvasive measure of brain activity from the surface of the body.

29
Q

The division of the nervous system that regulates the body’s inner environment is called…

A

The automatic nervous system.

30
Q

The term that generally refers to higher intellectual processes (thought, memory, attention, etc.) is called…

A

Cognition

31
Q

When a process cannot be directly observed, scientists study it through ____________ methods.

A

Empirical methods

32
Q

Scientific inference

A

The empirical method that biopsychologists use to study the unobservable.

33
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A

A process in which the connections between the prefrontal lobes and the rest of the brain are cut. A leucotume is used to core out tissue.

34
Q

Transorbital lobotomy

A

An “ice pick” device is inserted under the eyelid and waved back and fourth to sever the connections between the prefrontal lobes and the rest of the brain.

35
Q

The outer layer of the adrenal gland that releases hormones to regulate energy, metabolism, mineral balance, and reproductive behavior.

A

Adrenal cortex

36
Q

The core of the adrenal gland. Activated by the sympathetic nervous system to release hormones.

A

Adrenal medulla

37
Q

Division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment.

A

Automatic nervous system.

38
Q

The central nervous system is made up of what two organs?

A

Brain and spinal cord

39
Q

The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are…

A

Automatic nervous system and somatic nervous system

40
Q

The automatic nervous system receives and sends signals to…

A

Internal organs

41
Q

The somatic nervous system receives and sends signals to…

A

Skeletal muscles and external receptors

42
Q

In sequence from top to bottom, the four regions of the spine and spinal cord are…

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

43
Q

The 31 pairs of sensory nerves that enter the spinal cord are…

A

Dorsal roots

44
Q

Sex glands that release hormones that influence reproductive development and behavior are called…

A

Gonads

45
Q

The brain structure that releases hormones that communicate with the pituitary gland is called…

A

The hypothalamus

46
Q

The division of the automatic nervous nested that conserves energy during periods of calm and relaxes the body after a threat has passed.

A

Parasympathetic

47
Q

The peripheral nervous system is located where?

A

Outside the skull and spine.

48
Q

Often referred to as the master gland and hangs from the hypothalamus.

A

Pituitary gland.

49
Q

Hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones are called…

A

Tropic hormones

50
Q

The ________system is largely internal and the _________system is largely external both are divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

A

Automatic, somatic

51
Q

The two divisions of the automatic nervous system are…

A

Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

52
Q

The nervous system that mobilizes energy resources in periods of threat is called the…

A

Sympathetic nervous system.

53
Q

The 31 pairs of motor nerves that exit the spinal cord are…

A

Ventral roots

54
Q

Motor:exit:______ as sensory:enter:______

A

Ventral, dorsal

Biological Psychology (8 decks)

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