Chapter 1

Question 1

John Watson’s theories emphasize?

Answer 1

Environmental influences, babies minds are a blank slate, outside influences create their personality and affect their development.

Trained babies to be afraid of white rats

Question 2

B.f. Skinner emphasized what?

Answer 2

Operant conditioning. Focus on outcome of behavior for predicting future occurrences of that behavior.
Positive reinforcement(reward)
Negative reinforcment(taking away unpleasant things)
Punishment decreases probability of behavior happening again

Question 3

Albert Bandura

Answer 3

Imitation and observational vicarious learning.
Role of environment, behavior and cognitions as important in shaping development.

4 parts-> Attention, retain, reproduce, and be motivated.
Also being rewarded…more likely to imitate those behaviours.

Why nobody wears number99 in hockey

Question 4

What are the roles of the Id, ego, and superego?

Answer 4

Id: primitive instincts and drives, antisocial impulses
Ego: practical and rational…works between Id and superego
Superego: moral agent

Question 5

John Locke

Answer 5

Infant is blank slate…like Watson

Question 6

Jean Jacques rousseau

Answer 6

Infants have an innate sense of justice and morality that shows as children grow

Question 7

James mark baldwin

Answer 7

Child development happens in stages

Question 8

Maturational theory states?

Answer 8

Predetermined timetable for human development (nature)

Question 9

Ethological theory

Answer 9

Critical periods: need to be nurtured.
Imprinting: like ducks imprint on first moving creature as mother
Attachment: child and parent (child can attatch to more than one parent.

Question 10

Fred’s 5 stages…

Answer 10

.

Question 11

Jean Piaget

Answer 11

4 stages
Sensorimotor
Preoperational thought
Concrete operational thought
Formal operational thought

Infants children and adolescents are naturally motivated to understand the world around them

Question 12

The contextual perspective

Answer 12

Knowledge attitude beliefs symbols and behaviors associated with a group of people. It makes the context in which a child develops.

Question 13

Urie bronfenbrenner

Answer 13

Ecological systems theory

Microsystem(work, family)
Mesosystem(collection of Microsystems-how they interact)
Exosystem(outside of the Microsystem and Mesosystem)
Macrosystem(culture that envelops us completely)

Question 14

Information processing theory

Answer 14

Human like a computer.
Hardware-different memories and where they are stored
Software-organized sets of cognitive processes

Keep on getting better when the old “version” is no longer adequate

Question 15

Evolutionary theory

Answer 15

Grandparent-grandchild relationships…

Question 16

Experiment pros and cons

Answer 16

Pros: get specific answers
Cons: difficult to obtain natural environment results may be different, expensive, time consuming

Question 17

Correlational study pros and cons

Answer 17

Pros: shows relationship between two variables, identify consistent patterns
Cons: can not infer cause and effect relationship

Question 18

Self report study pros and cons

Answer 18

Pros: cheap and simple to conduct
Cons: accuracy, randomness, not insured, and people may not send surveys back etc.

Question 19

Naturalistic observation

Answer 19

Pros: pure behavior, natural reactions and reduced artificiality
Cons: cannot control variables, why questions cannot be answered

Question 20

Convergent validity

Answer 20

Testing again to test validity.

Using different scales to measure your weight

Question 21

Divergent validity

Answer 21

Showing results are correct by saying the other half is not as active.
Being very introverted results, so extroverts results are low

Question 22

Longitudinal study

Answer 22

Study on specific individuals over a long period of time

Question 23

Micro genetic study

Answer 23

Test many people over period of a month across many platforms

Question 24

Cross sectional study

Answer 24

Testing a wide age group, longitudinal like but over short time using different kids

Question 25

Sequential design

Answer 25

Mix of cross sectional and longitudinal

Range of kids over long period of time

Question 26

Ethical responsibilities

Answer 26

Minimize risk to participants
Informed consent
Avoid deception if possible
Keep results anonymous or confidential

Question 27

Participant observation

Answer 27

Participating in the research setting. 21 jump street. Hard to be viewed as objective by more conventional researchers

Question 28

Reaction range

Answer 28

A genotype can lead to a range of phenotypes.

Reaction range of intelligence. With a better environment, the range increases

Question 29

Changing relations between nature and nurture

Answer 29

Passive: parents pass on genotype and environment
Evocative:different genotypes evoke different responses from the environment
Active: actively seek environments related to their genes
Niche picking: the process of deliberately selecting an environment suitable to one’s genotype