Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology 223 > Studying for Midterm from textbook > Flashcards

Studying for Midterm from textbook Flashcards

(102 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Baldwin

A

Child development occurs in stages, this was later proposed by jean piaget. he was canadian.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

john locke

A

children were blank slates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

jean-jacques rousseau

A

children were born with an innate sense of justice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Arnold Gessel

A

maturational theory- predetermined developmental timetable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ethological theory

A

views development from an evolutionary perspective. human behaviours can be adaptive and have survival value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

john watson

A

based his work on classical conditioning. associative learning. first introduced by ivan pavlov
Also blank slate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Psychosocial theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

psychosocial theory

A

development occurs in a sequence of stages defined by a unique crisis or social challenge to be overcome in order to move on to the next stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

operant conditioning

A

consequences of a behaviour can affect future occurences of that behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

social cognitive theory

A

theory of personality that views the environment, behaviour, and cognitions as important in shaping development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

albert bandura

A

social cognitive theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Urie Bronfenbrenner

A

Ecological thoery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ecological theory

A

4 systems. microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macro system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

biological perspective

A

development is determined primarily by biological forces. maturational theory(unfolding) and ethological theory(critical periods).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

development is determined by how a child resolves conflicts at different ages. freud’s theory and eriksons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

learning perspective

A

development is determined by a childs environment. Skinner’s operant conditioning and banduras social cognitive theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cognitive developmental perspective

A

development reflects childs attempts to understand the world. piaget’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

contextual perspective

A

development is influences by immediate and more distant environments. urie(4 systems) and vygotsky’s(generational)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

informational processing perspective

A

analogy to the workings of a computer software and hardware

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

evolutionary perspective

A

favors characteristics of children that have value to the survival of the species. bjorkland and pellegrini. and martin smith(grandparents and grandchildren)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

developmental pathology perspective

A

developmental outcome is shaped by many different variables, biological and environmental. developed in canada.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

systematic observation

A

a research technique that involves watching and carefully recording what people say or do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
structured observation
creating a setting or circumstances designed to bring about certain behaviours of interest for study
26
ecological validity
degree to which conclusions from research can provide information about behaviour in real life situations
27
demand characteristics
situational clues that suggest to a research participant how a researcher wants them to act
28
reliability
statistical information about the degree to which a measure yields consistent results over time
29
validity
statistical information about the degree to which conclusions based on a measure actually mean what a researcher hypothesized they would mean.
30
convergent validity
measuring yourself on many different scales to get the same weight
31
divergent validity
a extrovert test to see how introverted you are. measuring the opposite to assure the first test.
32
mediator variable
a variable that accounts for any relationship observed between an independent and a dependent variable
33
microgenetic study
type of research study in which the variables of interest are measured in the same research participants repeatedly overt a short period of time such as days or weeks, in order to capture an aspect of rapid developmental change
34
sequential design
a type of research study in which the variables of interest are measured repeatedly over time in the same groups of research participants, with each group being born in a different time period.
35
cohort effect
the impact of a particular event, culture, or historical experience on a particular group of people.
36
ethical responsibilities
respect for the dignity of persons responsible caring integrity in relationships responsibility to society
37
quasi experimental design
where in the comparison of groups, the members were not randomly selected.
38
endogamy
a preference for mating with people from one's own social or cultural group
39
clinal variation
continuous genetic variation observed between geographic regions
40
polygenic inheritance
the contribution of many genes to a person's phenotypic expression
41
non shared environmental influences
experiences and circumstances within a family that contribute to siblings' being different from each other
42
passive gene-environment relation
relationship between heredity and environment in which the parents pass on genotypes to children and also provide much of the early environment supposrting expression of those genes
43
evocative gene-environment relation
relationship between heredity and environment in which different genotypes evoke different responses from the environment
44
active gene-environment relation
a relationship between heredity and environment in which individuals actively seek environments suitable to their genotype
45
niche picking
the process of deliberately selecting an environment suitable to ones genotype
46
germ disc
a small cluster of cells near the zygotes centre that develops into the baby
47
ectoderm
the outer layer of the embryo, which becomes the hair, skin, and nervous system.
48
mesoderm
the middle layer of the embryo, becomes muscles, bones and circulatory
49
endoderm
the inner layer of the embryo, which becomes the digestive system and lungs
50
zygote
1-2 weeks
51
embryo
3-8 weeks
52
fetus
9-38 weeks
53
cephalocaudal growth
from the top and extending downwards. head before the rest of the body. head then down the spine
54
proximodistal
growth from the centre extending outwards. growth after birth also follows proximidistal and cephalocaudal principles
55
vernix
thick greasy coating on the skin that protects the baby during gestation
56
age of viability
age at which most bodily systems function well enough to support life once the baby is born. often by 5.5-7 months. 22-28 weeks
57
general risk factors during pregnancy
nutrition, stress, and mother's age
58
anoxia
complete oxygen deprivation
59
hypoxia
reduced supply of oxygen
60
apgar score
numerical scale used to rate a newborn babies vital signs, 0, 1, or 2.
61
epiphyses
ends of the cartilage that turn into bone
62
secular growth trends
changes in physical development from one generation to the next
63
terminal buttons
another name for terminal endplates
64
frontal cortex
responsible for personality. is not very active in newborn babies, but increases over time. deliberate goal oriented behaviour comes from here.
65
neural plate
cells forming about 3 weeks after conception that develops into the neural tube brain and spinal cord
66
neuroplasticity
extent to which brain organization is flexible
67
dynamic systems theory
upholds that motor development involves many distinct skills, organized and reorganized over time to meet demands of specific tasks
68
differentiation
mastery of component skills
69
integration
combining component skills in proper sequence into a coherent working whole
70
primary circular reaction
recreating a pleasing event with the body
71
secondary circular reaction
learning about the sensations and actions associated with objects
72
tertiary circular reaction
repetition of old schemas with objects of different kinds
73
equilibration
process of reorganizing schemas to incorporate new information or experience
74
deferred imitation
acting out events or behaviours seen at an earlier time
75
sensory memory
raw unanalyzed information held only for a few seconds
76
working memory
the active cognitive manipulation of information
77
long term memory
limitless permanent storage of acquired information
78
procedural memory
memory for how to do things
79
semantic memory
memory for particular facts
80
autobiographical or episodic memory
memory for specific events in a person's life
81
orienting response
physical reaction to a strong or unfamiliar experience
82
habituation
a state of diminished responding to a stimulus as it becomes more familiar
83
dishabituation
a state of re-orientation, when a person becomes aware of a stimulus to which the person had previously habituated
84
egocentric frame of reference
first used by children to determine the placement of objects, in relation to themselves
85
objective frame of reference
thinking of objects in space relative to the position of objects or persons rather than oneself.
86
cooing
long strings of vowel sounds produced by babies around 2 months
87
babbling
speech like sound that has no meaning
88
intonation
a pattern of rising or falling pitch similar to the pattern in normal conversation
89
naming explosion
occurs usually around 18 months of age
90
fast mapping
the rapid ability of children to connect new words to their references
91
over extension and underextension
under common first-ball only defining their favorite ball. over extension common 1-3 years, everything is too broad
92
referential style
tendency to learn primarily words that name objects, persons, or actions
93
expressive style
tendency to learn primarily social phrases used like a single word
94
stranger wariness
sets in with locomotion, adaptation for safety.
95
social referencing
looking at a trusted caregiver for clues about how to react to a situation
96
internal working model
a set of expectations about parents' availability and responsively generally and in times of stress. related to attachment and trust with caregivers.
97
attachment
occurs usually with mothers, around 8-9 months of age
98
secure attachment
when mother returns baby wants to be with her, and if it had been crying, it stops.
99
avoidant attachment
baby ignores mother upon returning, as if to say youre not here when i want you so i have to take care of myself. this is an insecure attachment type
100
resistant attachment
keeps crying when mother returns, another insecure attachment type.
101
disorganized attachment
confused when mother leaves and when she comes back. another insecure attachment type
102
what are the 4 types of attachment?
secure resistant disorganized avoidant

Psychology 223 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions