Chapter 1

Question 1

a form of an element that differs in its numbers of neutrons

Answer 1

isotope

Question 2

a radioactive isotope of an element

Answer 2

radioisotope

Question 3

a region of space that is occupied by electrons located around the nucleus of an atom

Answer 3

orbital

Question 4

an electron in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom

Answer 4

valence electron

Question 5

a bond that results from the attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules

Answer 5

ionic bond

Question 6

an ion that has a positive charge

Answer 6

cation

Question 7

an ion that has a negative charge

Answer 7

anion

Question 8

the measure of an atom’s attraction to shared electrons

Answer 8

electronegativity

Question 9

a bond between two atoms, made up of unequally shared electrons

Answer 9

polar covalent bond

Question 10

partial positive or negative charge at the ends of a molecule

Answer 10

polarity

Question 11

the force of attraction between two molecules

Answer 11

intermolecular force

Question 12

very weak attractions between two molecules, or parts of molecules, when they are close together

Answer 12

van der Waals forces

Question 13

the attractive force between two molecules, or parts of molecules, when they are close together

Answer 13

hydrogen bond

Question 14

a chemical reaction in which subunits of a larger molecule are joined by the removal of water

Answer 14

dehydration reaction or condensation reaction

Question 15

a chemical reaction in which water is used as a reactant to split a larger molecule into smaller subunits

Answer 15

hydrolysis

Question 16

a reaction in which an acid and a base combine to create a salt and water

Answer 16

neutralization reaction

Question 17

an electron transfer reaction

Answer 17

redox reaction

Question 18

a reaction in which a molecule loses electrons

Answer 18

oxidation

Question 19

a reaction in which a molecule gains electrons

Answer 19

reduction

Question 20

the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of a substance by 1 degree C

Answer 20

specific heat

Question 21

water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other

Answer 21

cohesion

Question 22

water molecules form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

Answer 22

adhesion

Question 23

hydrogen bonding causes water to absorb large amounts of thermal engery as its temperature increases, or lose large amounts of thermal energy as its temperature decreases

Answer 23

high specific heat capacity

Question 24

hydrogen bonding causes liquid water to absorb large amounts of thermal energy and become a vapour

Answer 24

high specific heat of vaporization

Question 25

high surface tension

Answer 25

cohesion

Question 26

capillary action and solubility of polar compounds

Answer 26

adhesion

Question 27

temperature moderation

Answer 27

high specific heat capacity

Question 28

evaporation and cooling

Answer 28

high specific heat of vaporization

Question 29

ice floats on water

Answer 29

solid water is less dense than liquid water

Question 30

polar or charged molecules that are strongly attracted to water

Answer 30

hydrophilic molecules

Question 31

non-polar molecules that are not strongly attracted to water

Answer 31

hydrophobic molecules

Question 32

the process in which a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions

Answer 32

autoionization

Question 33

a chemical that compensates for pH changes in a solution by accepting or donating H+ ions

Answer 33

buffer

Question 34

a group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in chemical reactions

Answer 34

functional group

Question 35

a biomolecule that consists of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Answer 35

carbohydrate

Question 36

the simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of single sugar unit; building block for more complex carbohydrates

Answer 36

monosaccharide

Question 37

a molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of atoms

Answer 37

isomer

Question 38

a carbohydrate molecule that is made from two monosaccharide units

Answer 38

disaccharide

Question 39

a bond between two monosaccharides

Answer 39

glycosidic bond

Question 40

a molecule that is composed of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together; an essential part of nutrition and a valuable energy source

Answer 40

complex carbohydrate

Question 41

a molecule that contains many linked monosaccharides

Answer 41

polysaccharide molecule

Question 42

a process in which small subunits are linked to form a large molecule

Answer 42

polymerization

Question 43

a small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules

Answer 43

monomer

Question 44

a large molecule that is formed when monomers link together chemically in a chain

Answer 44

polymer

Question 45

a molecule that consists of a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain

Answer 45

fatty acid

Question 46

a fat; three fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol molecule

Answer 46

triglyceride

Question 47

a lipid that is composed of saturated fatty acids with single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

Answer 47

saturated fat

Question 48

a lipid that is composed of unsaturated fatty acids with double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

Answer 48

unsaturated fat

Question 49

a lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to glycerol

Answer 49

phospholipid

Question 50

a lipid that is composed of four carbon rings

Answer 50

steroid

Question 51

a lipid that is formed when long fatty chains are joined to alcohols or carbon rings

Answer 51

wax

Question 52

a large molecule that consists of many amino acid subunits that are joined together by peptide bonds folded into a specific three-dimensional shape

Answer 52

protein

Question 53

a blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells; stores hereditary information

Answer 53

nucleic acid

Question 54

a molecule that contains a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer subunit of proteins

Answer 54

amino acid

Question 55

a covalent bond that links to amino acids

Answer 55

peptide bond

Question 56

a chain of amino acid subunits that are connected by peptide bonds

Answer 56

peptide

Question 57

a peptide with more than 50 amino acids

Answer 57

polypeptide

Question 58

the loss of both the structure and function of a protein

Answer 58

denaturation

Question 59

the building block of nucleic acids; consists of 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one to three phosphate groups

Answer 59

nucleotide

Question 60

a link that is formed between nucleotides by a phosphate bridge

Answer 60

phosphodiester bond

Question 61

oriented in opposite directions

Answer 61

antiparallel

Question 62

a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a chemical reaction

Answer 62

enzyme

Question 63

a substance that is recognized by and binds to an enzyme

Answer 63

substrate

Question 64

a pocket or groove in an enzyme that binds its substrate

Answer 64

active site

Question 65

a model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes shape to better accommodate a subsrate

Answer 65

induced-fit model

Question 66

a non-protein group that binds to an enzyme and is essential for catalytic activity

Answer 66

cofactor

Question 67

an organic molecule that acts as a cofactor of an enzyme

Answer 67

coenzyme

Question 68

a situation in which a competitor substance binds to a normal substrate binding site to block enzyme activity

Answer 68

competitive inhibition

Question 69

a situation in which molecules bind to an enzyme at a site that is not the active site, thus blocking enzyme activity

Answer 69

noncompetitive inhibition

Question 70

a binding site on an enzyme that binds regulatory molecules

Answer 70

allosteric site

Question 71

the regulation of one site of a protein by binding to another site on the same protein

Answer 71

allosteric regulation

Question 72

the regulation of a pathway by one of the products of this pathway

Answer 72

feedback inhibition